The Day of Battle: The War in Sicily and Italy, 1943-1944 (The Liberation Trilogy) by Rick Atkinson
In Italy, thanks to Maurizio Zambardi and Lorenzo Picillo in San Pietro, and to Silvano Casaldi, director of the Museum of the Allied Landings in Nettuno. Antonio Ali Winston helped with both historical research and translations under an internship provided by the University of Chicago’s Jeff Metcalf Fellows Program. Robert Harp very ably translated several Italian documents for me.
Master cartographer Gene Thorp once again displayed uncommon skill and forbearance in drawing the maps for this volume. My close friend and agent, Rafe Sagalyn, has been there from the beginning.
The Washington Post, my professional home for nearly a quarter century, is led by several extraordinary readers of history, notably chairman Donald E. Graham, publisher Bo Jones, executive editor Leonard Downie, Jr., and editorial page editor Fred Hiatt, who was generous enough to read the manuscript. I’m also grateful for the continued support and friendship of other Post colleagues, including Phil Bennett, Benjamin C. Bradlee, Rajiv Chandrasekaran, Stephen C. Fehr, Susan Glasser, David Hoffman, Robert G. Kaiser, Jeff Leen, Thomas E. Ricks, Margaret Shapiro, Steve Vogel, Tom Wilkinson, Bob Woodward, and fellow scribbler David Maraniss.
Thanks also to Tom Bowers, Michael Briggs, Tom Brokaw, Robert C. Callahan, Herman Chanowitz, Alexander S. Cochran, Edward M. Coffman, Steve Coll, Maj. Gen. (ret.) E. J. Delaune, Jr., Glenn Frankel, Maj. Gen. Benjamin C. Freakley, Arthur L. Funk, Paul Fussell, Arthur Hadley, Sir Max Hastings, Ken Hechler, David Kahn, Howard S. Koontz, Lewis Libby, James H. McCall, Col. H. R. McMaster, Lovern Nauss, Randy Norton, Gen. David H. Petraeus, Panthea Reid, Mark J. Reardon, David Roberts, Maj. Gen. (ret.) Robert H. Scales, Jr., Col. (ret.) Lewis “Bob” Sorley, Frank Stech, Layne A. Van Arsdale, David Von Drehle, Geoffrey D. W. Wawro, Gerhard L. Weinberg, James S. “Scott” Wheeler, and Maj. Gen. David Zabecki.
Grateful acknowledgment is made of permission to quote various materials: Stanford University, for the selected writings of Langan W. Swent; Viscount Montgomery of Alamein, for extracts from his father’s writings; Geoffrey B. Keyes, for extracts from his father’s diary; Jean Framp, for extracts from “The Littlest Victory” by Charles Framp; Jerry Countess, for extracts from his letters; John J. Toffey IV, for extracts from his manuscript, “A Game for the Young,” and from his father’s letters; John B. Romeiser, for extracts from the war diary of Don Whitehead; Paul W. Brown, for extracts from his memoir; the trustees of the Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives, for extracts from the papers of W.E.V. Abraham, Lord Alanbrooke, C.W. Allfrey, J. S. Elliott, S. C. Kirkman, B. H. Liddell Hart, J. N. Nelson, W.R.C. Penney, Aidan Mark Sprot, and P.L.E. Wood; Joachim Liebschner, for extracts from “Iron Cross Roads,” which has recently been published by Athena Press; Gilbert Allnutt, for extracts from “A Fusilier Remembers Italy” Mrs. J. K. Windeatt, for extracts from her late husband’s “Very Ordinary Soldier” Martin Smith, for extracts from Waltonia, the memoir of his father, Bert Smith; C. Richard Eke, for extracts from “A Game of Soldiers” the copyright holder of K. G. Oakley’s “Sicily, 1943” John H. Clagett, for extracts from his unpublished biography of H. Kent Hewitt; and the Columbia University Oral History Research Office, for extracts from a 1961 interview of H. Kent Hewitt by John T. Mason.
In instances where current copyright holders could not be located, or where permissions arrived too late to be noted in this edition, I will gladly include acknowledgments in future editions.
I am once again in the debt of John Sterling, the president and publisher of Henry Holt and Company, whose contributions as my editor and friend for five books over the past two decades may be inferred from the dedication at the front of this volume. Thanks also at Holt to Maggie Richards, Kenn Russell, Richard Rhorer, Eileen Lawrence, Claire McKinney, Emily Montjoy Belford, Chuck Thompson, and the extraordinarily capable Jolanta Benal, who, as the copy editor on both volumes of the Liberation Trilogy, has improved every page.
My children, Rush and Sarah, helped enormously with document and photo research, bibliographical organization, and the inevitable technological rescues of their Luddite father. My wife, Jane, provided all the rest, as ever.
INDEX
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Entries in italics refer to maps. Military units are listed by nation in numerical order.
Aas, Lt. Ivar H.
Abercrombie, H.M.S.
ACHSE, Operation
Acute, H.M.S.
Adams, Henry
Adriatic front
Aeneas
Aeneid, The (Virgil)
Aeschylus
African Americans
air bases
airborne operations
AVALANCHE and
HUSKY and
HUSKY and friendly fire
Gela
LADBROOKE and
North Africa and
Primosole Bridge
proposed GIANT II, in Rome
airpower
Allied vs. German
AVALANCHE and
Cassino and
Gela and
morale problems and
Troina and
Albano
Albano, Lake
Alexander, Gen. Sir Harold R.L.G. “Alex”
aftermath of Italian campaign and
Anzio or SHINGLE and
AVALANCHE and
background of
campaign after fall of Rome and
Cassino and
Clark and
DIADEM and
HUSKY and
Italian mainland campaign and
Italian peace overtures and
Italian resistance and
leadership style of
liberation of Rome and
Monte Cassino bombing and
Rapido and
reorganization by, in spring 1944 and
winter campaign and
Allen, Mary Fran
Allen, Maj. Gen. Terry de la Mesa
Allied 15th Army Group
Allied Air Forces. See also British Royal Air Force; U.S. Army Air Forces
“Allied Bridgehead Force”
Allied Expeditionary Force
Allied Forces Headquarters (AFHQ)
Italian peace overture and
Allied Naval Forces
AVALANCHE and
HUSKY and
Almond, Maj. Gen. Edward M.
Altavilla
Amalfi
AMGOT (Allied Military Government of Occupied Territories)
amphibious landings
AVALANCHE
Brolo and
HUSKY
lessons of
importance of
proposed north of Naples
SHINGLE
Ancon, U.S.S.
Anders, Gen. Wl/adysl/aw
Anderson, Marian
Andrus, Brig. Gen. Clift “Mr. Chips”
Anglo-American alliance and tensions
Anglophobia of U.S. commanders and
Anzio and
British disdain for U.S. generals and
British terminology and
Cairo and Teheran disputes over cross-Channel invasion and
Cassino and
Clark vs. Alexander and drive to Rome
decision to invade mainland Italy after Sicily and
Ike and
Ike and Monty depart for OVERLORD and
LADBROOKE disaster and
Monte Cassino and
Monty and
Patton vs. Monty and drive to Palermo and Messina
preparation for HUSKY and
Rapido and Anzio plan doubts and
TRIDENT and cross-Channel invasion vs. Mediterranean campaign and
winter campaign and
Antony, Mark
ANVIL
“Anzio Annie”
Anzio Beachhea
Anzio. See also SHINGLE
assault on Gustav Line and Rapido for attack on Rome and plan for
black airmen’s success at
Churchill presses for
Cisterna and
DIADEM and
German counterattacks and
history of
landings and early advance
staging for
stalemate at
supplies and
as turning point in war
weather and
Apennines
Aprilia (the Factory)
Aquinas, St. Thomas
Ardeatine Caves massacre
Aristotle
Arizona, U.S.S.
Arnold, Gen. H. H. “Hap”
Aroostook, U.S.S.
Ashley, Lt. Willie, Jr.
Atkinson, Brig. Gen. Joseph H.
Atlantic Wall
Augustus, Caesar
Aurunci Mountains
Auschwitz
Austria
AVALANCHE, Operation. See also Naples; Salerno
“Black Monday”
Clark chosen to lead
evacuation considered
gains and losses
German retreat and
Italian peace overture and
landing
preparations for
AVENGER, Operation
Axis Sally
Axis. See also specific countries; leaders; military campaigns; and units
escape at Messina and
HUSKY and
retreat from Calabria
territory held by, in May 1943
Ayling, Col. John G.
B-17 Flying Fortress bombers
B-24 Liberator bombers
B-25 Mitchell bombers
B-26 Marauder bombers
B-29 bombers
Baade, Col. Ernst-Günther
Badoglio, Marshal Pietro
Bailey, Capt. Leslie W.
Bailey bridges
Baldwin, Hanson
Balkans
Barbara Line
Bari mustard gas explosion
Barnett, Corelli
Barnett, U.S.S.
Barrie, J. M.
Battipaglia “Batty P”
Battle of Britain, The (film)
Battler, H.M.S.
BAYTOWN, Operation
BBC
Beacham, F.R.
“Beachhead Army”
Beachhead Bugle (newspaper)
Belden, Jack
Belisarius
Benedict, St.
Benjamin Franklin (Van Doren)
Bennett, Paul G.
Bentivegna, Rosario
Berlin, bombing of
Berlin, Irving
Bernard, Lt. Col. Lyle A.
Bernhardt Line
Bess, Demaree
Biddle, George
Bigart, Homer
Big Cassino plan
Big Week (bombing)
biological warfare
Biscari
massacre of POWs at
Biscayne, U.S.S.
black market
Blackshirts
Blenheim, battle of (1704)
Bloch, Herbert
Blumenson, Martin
Boer War
Bogart, Humphrey
Boise, U.S.S.
BOLERO
bombing
of Anzio
of Austria
AVALANCHE and
of Bari
of Bulgaria
of Cassino town
DIADEM and
of Frascati
of Germany
of Hungary
of Italy
of Japan
of Malta
of Messina
of Monte Cassino abbey
of Naples
of Romania
of Rome
of Salerno
of Sicily
of Yugoslavia
Bombing Directive No. 2
Bond, Lt. Harold
Bonifica integrale
Bourke-White, Margaret
Bove, Pietro
Bowlby, Alex
Bradenstein, Warren
Bradley, Gen. Omar Nelson
background of
Clark vs.
Patton and
Brand, Max
Brann, Brig. Gen. Donald W.
BRASS RAIL, Operation
Brave Men (Pyle)
Brindisu, H.M.S.
British 1st Airborne Division
British 1st Division
British 1st Guards Brigade
British 1st Loyals
British 1st Royal Tank Regiment
British 2nd Para Brigade
British 2nd Scots Guards
British 3rd Brigade
British 4th Armoured Brigade
British 4th Infantry Division
British 5th Division
British 5th Grenadier Guards
British V Corps
British 6th Armoured Division
British 6th Gordons
British 6th Lancers
British Eighth Army
AVALANCHE and
Bari and
Cassino and
DIADEM and
HUSKY and
Italian campaign and, after fall of Rome
Italian mainland campaign and
liberation of Rome and
Monty as leader of
winter campaign and, on Adriatic front
British X Corps
British XIII Corps
British 21st Lancers
British 24th Guards Brigade
British 25th Tank Brigade
British XXX Corps
British 46th Division
British 48th Highlanders
British 50th Division
British 51st Highland Division
British 56th Division
British 78th Division
British 201st Guards Brigade
British Air Ministry
British Bomber Command
British Coldstream Guards
British Commandos
British Derbyshire Yeomanry
British Devon regiment
British Dorset regiment
British Grenadier Guards
British House of Commons
British Imperial General Staff
British King’s Dragoon Guards
British Northamptonshire patrol
British Oxford and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry
British Royal Air Force (RAF)
British Royal Artillery
British Royal Engineers
British Royal Fusiliers
British Royal Hampshire Regiment
British Royal Marines
British Royal Navy
British Scots Guards
British Twelfth Army (fictional)
Brolo
Brooke, Gen. Sir Alan
Brown, Lt. Allen T.
Brown, Lt. John Mason
Brown, Paul W.
Brown, Ranger
Brown, Sgt. Haskell
Brutus
Buckley, Christopher
Buckley, Lt. Francis X.
Buddenhagen, Ranger
BUFFALO, Operation
Bulolo, H.M.S.
Burma
Butcher, Cdr. Harry C.
Byron, Lord
C-47 Dakota aircraft
Caesar, Julius
Caesar Line
Cairo conferences
Calabria
Caligula
Calore river
Cambrai, battle (WW I)
Campoleone
Canadian I Corps
Canadian 1st Armoured Brigade
Canadian 1st Infantry Division
Canadian forces
Canadian Loyal Edmontons
Canadian Seaforth Highlanders
Canaris, Adm. Wilhelm F.
Cannae, battle of
Cannon, Maj. Gen. John K.
Capitoline hill
Carboni, Gen. Giacomo
Carleton, Brig. Gen. Don E.
Carpenter, Francis
Carroceto
Carthage meeting
Casablanca conference
Casablanca (film)
Caserta Palace
Cassible agreement
Cassino
Anzio and
battle of
bombing of Monte Cassino and
DIADEM and
fall of
DICKENS and
LUDLUM bombing and
Naples and
postwar
stalemate at
strategic failings of
weather and
Castaldi, Orlando
Castel Gandolfo
Castellano, Gen. Giuseppe
Castle Hill (Point 193)