1944 by Jay Winik
Roosevelt, Anna, 31, 85–88, 193, 516, 517
FDR’s illness and, 549n
Rutherfurd’s visit and, 156
Roosevelt, Anna Rebecca Hall, 29
Roosevelt, Eleanor, 28–34, 240, 484, 520
air travel of, 17, 18, 478
background of, 29, 546n
dating and engagement of, 28–31
D-Day and, 174, 190, 194
depression of, 33
divorce offered by, 39
education of, 29–30
FDR’s affair and, 36–39, 156
FDR’s correspondence with, 18, 30, 38, 402
FDR’s death and, 527, 528
FDR’s illnesses and, 39, 40, 88, 89, 141
FDR’s political career and, 32–34, 478
gifts for, 353
illness of, 547n
internment of Japanese Americans and, 443, 448
Jews as viewed by, 33, 316, 319, 327–28, 377–78, 401, 402, 422, 547n
marriage of, 30, 37
as mother, 31, 36
“My Day” columns of, 377–78, 402
NYC apartment of, 489
as Progressive and liberal, 20, 546n
at Quebec conference, 485
refugees and, 219, 226–29, 401, 402
Sara’s relationship with, 31
sexuality of, 36
Roosevelt, Elliott (Eleanor’s father), 28, 29
Roosevelt, Elliott (FDR’s son), 17, 19, 85, 156
Casablanca conference and, 351, 352, 353
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 36
air travel of, 16–19, 42, 351–52, 544n–45n
appearance of, 23, 32, 36, 44, 60, 69, 84–85, 86, 163, 165, 174, 175, 193, 233, 240, 329, 340, 343, 400, 479, 491, 492, 507–8, 517, 519, 521, 526–27, 596n, 600n
as assistant secretary of the navy, 32, 35–39, 196, 222, 548n
atomic bomb and, 410–13, 509, 531
background of, 23–26, 221, 545n–46n
at Cairo conference, 392
as callous and cunning, 44, 57, 165, 241
at Casablanca conference, 18, 65, 351–54, 391, 392, 397
charm and charisma of, 5, 15, 44–45, 60, 141, 165, 284, 312, 510
Churchill and, see under Churchill, Winston
cocktail hours of, 48, 65, 163, 165, 344, 400
confidence of, 174, 178, 193, 350–51
conviction, determination, and dedication of, 42, 43, 75–76, 78, 165, 475
criticism and hatred expressed toward, 43–44, 54–55, 59, 142, 218, 232, 235, 242, 244, 247–48, 342–44, 399–400, 546n, 551n, 568n, 576n
Darlan deal and, 342–43
dating of, 28–31, 546n
death of, 37, 209, 520–21, 527–31
despondence of, 174, 563n
driving of, 27, 45, 400, 422
education of, 23, 25–31, 231, 546n
Eisenhower as viewed by, 178–79
Eleanor and, see under Roosevelt, Eleanor
in elections, 32–36, 41–44, 597n–98n
Episcopal faith of, 25, 546n
extramarital affair of, 36–39, 156, 561n
facial reading of, 61
family travels of, 24, 27, 30
as father, 31, 547n
finances of, 27, 31, 32, 40
Finnish relations severed by, 290
fireside chats of, 47, 55, 73, 165, 179, 220–21, 313, 330, 396–97, 507, 534, 570n
first hundred days of, 43–44, 46
as governor of New York, 32, 41–42, 222, 312, 421, 422
historical record and, 392
Hitler and, see under Hitler, Adolf
Holocaust and, 74, 138, 153, 166, 167, 173, 203, 206, 297, 301, 304, 307, 310, 313, 317–18, 319, 321, 328–33, 375, 378, 380–83, 387–88, 400–406, 409, 425–29, 450–51, 456, 457, 470–72, 516, 535, 560n, 562n, 583n, 594n, 595n
humor and jokes of, 45, 58, 69, 165
Ibn Saud and, 513, 515–16, 519
improvisation and instincts of, 22, 55–57, 231, 511–12, 545n
inauguration of (1945), 504, 507–9
internment of Japanese Americans and, 442, 443, 447–48, 590n
leadership of, 22, 45, 54–59, 90, 142, 164, 165, 174, 248, 426, 467–68, 472, 533, 595n, 602n
legacy of, 531–36, 602n
Lend-Lease and, see Lend-Lease policy
liberalism of, 59, 230
Lucy Mercer’s correspondence with, 37, 38, 39
McDonald’s meeting with, 227
marriage of, 30
military hospital visited by, 481–82, 596n
morale and, 278, 333, 341, 354, 393, 404, 574n
new war powers legislation sought by, 332
1942 war plans and, 273–78
as noncommittal on war, 230–31, 233, 239, 241, 244, 247–48, 568n, 570n–71n
oratory and speaking style of, 23, 32, 33, 39, 41, 42, 47, 55, 57–58, 59, 73, 85, 174, 179, 194, 231–32, 240, 330, 339–40, 350–51, 438–39, 477–79, 482–83, 487–91, 519–20, 532, 548n, 550n, 570n
Overlord and, 13, 88, 90, 173–76, 178–79, 190, 192–200, 203, 375, 439
Overlord commander selected by, 68, 72–73, 553n
Palestine and, 405–6, 585n
as paraplegic, 17, 34, 40–43, 45, 60, 90, 164, 247, 421, 482, 487, 560n, 597n
Pearl Harbor and, see Pearl Harbor
phone use of, 47, 61, 190, 192
phony war and, 46–47
pinnacle of political prestige and reputation of, 242
political ambitions of, 32
political career path of, 26, 32–36, 39, 41–42
political comeback of, 41
political setback of, 34, 421
political talents of, 22–23, 467, 488
postwar world and, 61, 62, 67, 72, 165, 328, 377, 381, 424–25, 475, 477–78, 485–86, 490, 492, 507, 512–14, 519–20, 532, 535, 536
preoccupation with subversion of, 220–21
pressure to open a second front and, 274, 276
“proclamation of unlimited national emergency” issued by, 247
at Quebec conference, 410–12
refugees and, 214–18, 219–21, 224, 226–31, 313, 321, 332, 382, 386, 405–8, 425–29, 436–40, 535, 567n
Riegner Telegram and, 307, 315, 316, 319
self-interest of, 34, 39, 547n
ships and sailing as interests of, 15, 17, 24, 27, 28, 31, 32, 37, 55, 103, 139, 140, 141, 481
sightseeing of, xiv, 4–5, 197
sleeping, bed rest, and convalescence of, 85, 88–91, 103, 114, 139–42, 156–57, 162–63, 234, 483, 560n, 561n
smoking of, 88, 89, 175
social discomfort of, 33, 547n
social life of, 26, 28, 36, 37, 141
sports and athletics of, 24, 25–26, 30, 33
Stalin and, 44, 60–62, 70–71, 165, 203, 273–74, 353, 511, 512, 553n
as state senator, 32–35
at Tehran conference, 15–22, 59–72, 85, 197, 203, 392, 442n, 510, 545n, 552n–53n
third term of, 45, 46, 51, 164–65, 233–34, 242, 313
Torch and, 276–78, 330, 338–44, 375, 534
at Trident conference, 391–94
unconditional surrender and, 354, 397
U.S. lack of preparedness and, 51, 246, 551n
on war criminals, 321, 329
Warsaw revolt and, 465, 466–67
wartime stewardship of, 15, 16, 44
Wise’s meetings with, 328–31, 408
Wise’s relationship with, 306, 308, 312–17
World War I and, 35–39, 46
at Yalta conference, 509–15, 520, 600n
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, health problems of, 34, 560n
blood pressure, 87, 89, 156, 157, 165, 492, 555n
bronchitis, 86–87, 89, 163
codeine and, 157, 162
congestive heart failure, 87, 138, 556n
digitalis, 88, 556n
election of 1944 and, 476, 484, 486, 490, 491, 492, 596n, 598n
gallstones, 156, 165
indigestion, 67, 85
influenza, 39, 85–86, 163, 394, 399, 418, 427
in 1945, 510–13, 516–17, 519–21, 526–27, 600n
Parkinson’s disease, 358, 494
polio, 23, 40, 89, 90, 549n
at Tehran, 66–67, 552n
Roosevelt, James (FDR’s father), 23–25, 33, 89, 546n
death of, 27, 28, 443, 546n
Roosevelt, James (FDR’s son), 478–79
Roosevelt, Quentin, 38
Roosevelt, Sara Delano, 31, 39, 240, 421
FDR’s childhood and, 23, 24
FDR’s correspondence with, 26, 27
FDR’s engagement and, 30
FDR’s relationship with, 23, 25, 27, 28, 31, 39, 547n
husband’s death and, 27, 28
Roosevelt, Theodore, 34, 56, 221, 546n, 548n
death of, 39
FDR compared with, 32, 33, 35, 36, 39, 41–42, 233
as president, 27–30, 32
“Roosevelt vs. Roosevelt” (radio talk), 57
Rose, Billy, 377, 378
Rosenberg, Sam, 116
Rosenberg, Walter, see Vrba, Rudolf
Rosenheim, Jacob, 449, 451
Rosenman, Sam, 426, 427, 428, 487, 585n, 597n
Rosin, Arnost, 200–201, 497
Rotterdam, 48–49
Royal Air Force, British (RAF), 52–53, 75, 129, 466
Operation Jericho and, 461–63, 469
rubber, 330, 333, 393, 409
synthetic, 111, 203, 271, 291, 295, 453
Rundstedt, General von, 199, 255
Russia, Russians, 359, 509
failure of invasions of, 251–52, 254, 571n
in World War I, 46
see also Soviet Union
Rutherfurd, Lucy Mercer:
FDR’s affair with, 36–39, 156, 548n, 561n
FDR’s visits with, 156, 484–485, 526, 561n, 597n
SA, see storm troopers, Nazi
Sachsenhausen, 144, 499, 518
Sacred Cow (plane), 16–19
Sagalowitz, Benno, 300–304, 322, 576n
Sahara desert, 478, 596n
Saint Louis, Mo., 222
St. Louis episode, 216–18, 228, 317, 567n–68n
St. Louis Post Dispatch, 235
Salerno, 398
San Diego, Calif., 477, 478–79, 481
San Francisco, Calif., 445, 514, 519, 520
Saudi Arabia, 406, 513, 515–16
Schiffler, Andrew, 416
Schlesinger, Arthur, Jr., 551n
Schloss, Julius, 287–88
Schneider, Helga, 544n
Schroeder, Gustav, 217
Schulte, Clara, 283–84, 286
Schulte, Eduard, 279–91, 574n–75n
appearance of, 279–80, 283
background of, 280, 575n
in banking, 281
at banking and industrial elite meeting, 286–87
business trips of, 283, 289–90
Final Solution and, 279, 280, 297–301, 303–5, 321, 322, 332, 419, 440
Fitzner and, 289, 290–91
as German, 279, 281, 284
at Giesche, 282–83, 285, 287, 289, 291
as informant, 289–90, 297–301, 303–5
Jewish friends of, 281, 299
Karski compared with, 404
political views of, 284
Schulte, Ruprecht, 281, 285
Schulte, William, 219
Schulte, Wolfgang, 281, 285
Scipio Africanus, 197
Scott, Winfield, 82
Sebastopol, 255, 434, 510
Secret Service, U.S., 17, 21–22, 65, 84, 190, 485, 490, 508
Casablanca conference and, 351–52
at Hobcaw Barony, 140
White House security and, 349
Security Service, Nazi, 144
Senate, U.S., 43, 48, 333, 518–19
FDR’s allies in, 237, 240
FDR’s bid for, 35
FDR’s views on, 45, 549n
Foreign Relations Committee of, 415, 417–18
Holocaust and, 375–76, 380, 387, 415, 417–18, 426, 428, 429
Military Affairs Committee of, 47, 550n
September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, 97, 532
Seventh Army, German, 492
Seventh Army, U.S., 395, 396, 505, 521
Seventieth Tank Battalion, U.S., 157
Seventy-First Division, U.S., 528
Shanghai, 216
Shangri-La (later Camp David), 58, 338, 393–94, 552n
Sharon, Conn., 33
Sherwood, Robert, 84–85
shipping, ships, 245, 248, 352–53, 396
British, 234, 245
FDR’s interest in, 15, 17, 24, 27, 28, 31, 32, 37, 55, 103, 139, 140, 141, 481
for refugee transport, 378, 385, 386, 417
shoes, 101, 108, 112, 135, 258
at Majdanek, 497–98, 598n
Shoumatoff, Elizabeth, 526
Siberia, 256, 262
Sicily, 277, 396
Allied invasion of, 73, 77, 344, 353, 393, 394–95
Siemens factory, 112, 469
sightseeing, xiv, 4–5, 22, 63, 197
silver, 102, 118
Silverman, Samuel Sydney, 315
Singen, 298
Sixteenth Infantry, U.S., 186
Sixth Army, Nazi, 258
Slapton Sands (Operation Tiger), 157–62, 177, 561n
drownings at, 160–61
missing officers and, 162
rescue at, 161–62
slave labor, 106–11, 117, 119, 120, 129, 236, 252, 256, 262, 269, 270, 271, 291, 318, 320, 322–23, 327, 453, 499, 518
slavery, 316, 585n
European and American, 113–14, 528, 532
Slessor, John, 466
Slovakia, 115, 116, 127, 150–56, 269, 450
Allied bombing of, 174
borders of, 145, 147, 150–53, 200
German control in, 153
Slovakian Jews, 115, 153–56, 166, 167, 200
in Hungary, 437
underground of, 172–73
Small, Ken, 561n
Smertenko, Johan J., 472
Smith, Al, 39
Smith, Jean Edward, 38, 567n, 568n, 595n
Smith, A. Merriman, 560n, 561n
Smith, Walter Bedell, 176
Sobibór, 271, 304, 326, 391, 434, 494
Social Democrats, 363, 370
Sohier, Alice, 28, 546n
Solahütte retreat, 104–6
Sola River, 92, 128, 145, 149
Somme, Battle of the, 273
Sonderkommando, 100, 118, 120, 125, 557n
insurrection of, 495–96, 499
life expectancy of, 495
photographs taken by, 498
South Carolina, 91, 103, 139–42, 442, 560n, 561n
see also Hobcaw Barony
Southern Governors’ Conference, 474
Southwick House, 175–78
Soviet Jews, 165, 271, 322, 513
mass shooting of, 256–64
Soviet Union, 4, 165, 167, 248, 330, 351, 437, 440, 472, 496, 535, 585n
Allied relieving of pressure on, 273, 275, 276
Auschwitz and, 461, 499, 502, 503–4, 512
Casablanca conference and, 352, 353
collapse possibility for, 352
D-Day and, 195
Eastern front in, see Eastern front
German invasion of, 52, 54, 60
intelligence services of, 21
Majdanek liberated by, 497–98, 504, 598n
Nazi Germany compared with, 373
Pacific war and, 513
postwar world and, 62, 465
refugees from, 225
separate peace and, 60, 69, 277
Tehran conference and, 12, 15–16, 19–21, 60–72, 545n, 552n, 553n
U.S. aid to, 19, 54, 60–61, 70, 352, 512
Warsaw revolt and, 465–66, 467, 488
Spain, the Spanish, 139, 245, 277, 397, 417, 458, 459
Jew
Spanish Jews, 268, 386
Speer, Albert, 204, 358, 412
Spellman, Francis Joseph, 438
Sphinx, xiv, 1–5, 6
spies, 223, 351, 427, 459
German, 220–21, 223, 226, 366, 444–45
Japanese, 445–46
Squire, Paul, 323
SS, 202, 257, 266, 268, 367, 373, 398, 480
Auschwitz and, 93–98, 100–114, 117, 119–36, 143, 144, 295, 464, 495–96, 503, 508
bombing and, 453, 454, 464
in Budapest, 459
construction of death camps and, 270
death marches and, 502–3, 517, 521
“decent” murders of, 293–94
distraction and amusement for, 112–13
escape attempts and, 122–30, 143, 144, 146
in evacuation of Auschwitz, 502–3
on Final Solution success, 271–72
food jokes of, 121–22
food stores of, 117
Himmler appointed deputy leader of, 293
Hungarian Jews and, 168–71
Kristallnacht and, 211–12
at Majdanek, 116
Night of the Long Knives and, 284–85
Oradour-sur-Glâne massacre by, 492
raised by Jews, 125
Rommel’s death and, 481
Schulte and, 305
Soviet Jews and, 257, 259–60
special camp and, 119–21
toll of killings on, 263
vacations of, 103–6, 557n
Vrba handed over to, 116
Warsaw ghetto and, 390
Warsaw revolt and, 597n
Stagg, Captain, 563n
Stalin, Joseph, 203, 475, 493, 502, 534
Casablanca conference and, 352, 353, 354
Churchill’s siding with, 54
Eastern front and, 253–54, 274
FDR’s cable to, 273–74
FDR’s relationship with, 44, 60–62, 70–71, 165, 203, 353, 511, 512, 553n
on German mentality, 66
Hitler’s views on, 359
map pin of, 197
near collapse of, 254, 471n
paranoia of, 276–77
postwar world as viewed by, 65–66
purges of, 60, 66, 252, 291
separate peace and, 59, 60, 277, 448
at Tehran conference, 15–16, 19–21, 60–72, 85, 203, 392, 552n, 553n
Warsaw revolt and, 465, 466
at Yalta conference, 509–14, 600n
Stalingrad, 60, 61, 324, 333, 335
German demise at, 352, 355
map of battle of, 356
Tunis compared with, 357
Standard Oil Company, 412
Star of David, 115, 271, 388, 403, 460
starvation and malnutrition, 107, 108, 109, 112, 210, 256, 262, 403
death marches and, 517
in Warsaw, 260–61, 389
State Department, U.S., 47, 72, 301, 314–18, 327, 382, 404, 457
Bermuda conference and, 381, 383, 384, 387
bureaucratic politics of, 316, 576n