An Unfinished Life: John F. Kennedy 1917-1963 by Robert Dallek
p. 389: Conflict with Diefenbaker: Sorensen, 648; Memo, April 7, 1961, Chalmers Roberts Papers, JFKL; Guthman and Shulman, 29; Lawrence Martin, 180-91; Bradlee, Conversations, 167, 181-85.
p. 389: Special message: PPP: JFK, 1961, 396-402. And see Memo on Defense Posture, to JFK, n.d., Box 84A, POF.
p. 390: Act for International Development: George Ball to JFK, Mar. 16, 1961, Box 87; Chester Bowles to JFK, May 22, 23, 1961, Box 28, POF. Gallup, 1700-1701.
pp. 390-91: “apathy, indifference”: PPP: JFK, 1961, 402-3. Gallup, 1724-25, 1732, 1734, 1741, 1745.
p. 391: “What should I do”: Quoted in Sorensen, 691.
p. 391: Civil defense meetings: David Bell to Files, Mar. 20, 1961, Box 283A; McGeorge Bundy, “Civil Defense Meeting,” May 9, 1961, Box 295, NSF.
p. 391: “great fears”: Marc Raskin to Bundy, May 19, 1961, Box 295, NSF.
p. 391: Considerations governing expanded civil defense: David Bell to JFK, Mar. 18, 1961, Box 70; McGeorge Bundy to Sherley Ewing, April 26, 1961, Box 295, POF.
p. 391: “would show the world”: “Some Issues Relating to a Fallout Shelter Program,” n.d., but clearly before JFK’s May 25 State of the Union speech; Box 295, NSF.
p. 391: “which we could never”: PPP: JFK, 1961, 402.
pp. 391-92: Rockefeller: Sorensen, 692.
p. 392: Landing a man on the moon: PPP: JFK, 1961, 403-5.
p. 392: Only time he departed from his text in speaking to Congress: Sorensen, 592.
p. 392: Arguments against manned spaceflights: Michael R. Beschloss, “Kennedy and the Decision to Go to the Moon,” in Launius and McCurdy, 51-55.
p. 392: A majority of Americans agreed: Gallup, 1702-3, 1720.
p. 392: “that we shall”: PPP: JFK, 1961, 404.
p. 393: “clearly one of the great”: Sorensen, 591.
p. 393: “But why”: PPP: JFK, 1962, 669.
p. 393: Advantages of manned mission: JFK to Brook Overton, Mar. 22, 1961, Box 82, POF; Robert Dallek, “Johnson, Project Apollo, and the Politics of Space Program Planning,” in Launius and McCurdy, 72-74.
p. 393: JFK-LBJ exchange: JFK to LBJ, April 20, 1961; LBJ to JFK, April 28, 1961, Box 28, POF. McDougall, 320; Dallek, “Johnson, Project Apollo,” 70-72.
p. 394: The president “is afraid”: Lincoln Diary, May 1, 1961, Box 4, Evelyn Lincoln Papers, JFKL.
p. 394: “You know, Lyndon”: Newton Minow OH, LBJL.
pp. 394-95: Discussions with de Gaulle: PPP: JFK, 1961, 405-6, 413.
p. 395: “a great captain”: PPP: JFK, 1961, 405. De Gaulle and FDR: Dallek, Franklin D. Roosevelt, 376-79.
p. 395: De Gaulle’s attitude: FRUS: Laos Crisis, 22.
p. 395: De Gaulle and JFK’s shared views: C. L. Sulzberger, “De Gaulle—How Splendid the Day Was,” New York Times, April 29, 1961; President’s Visit to De Gaulle: Talking Points, May 27, 1961, Box 116A, POF.
pp. 395-96: Tensions with de Gaulle: R. W. Komer to JFK, Mar. 6, 1961, Box 220, NSF; President’s Visit: Talking Points, May 27, 1961, Box 116A, POF; FRUS: Laos Crisis, 115; FRUS: Vietnam, 1961, 254.
p. 396: “seemed to prefer”: Sorensen, 633.
p. 396: “Even when”: Nicholas Wahl to McGeorge Bundy, May 1961, Box 331, NSF. Also see Abram Chayes OH.
p. 396: Kennedy read de Gaulle’s: Sorensen, 631.
p. 396: “behind his patrician”: De Gaulle, The War Memoirs, 78-84.
p. 396: The only topic: President’s Visit to De Gaulle, May 27, 1961, Box 116A, POF. JFK’s arrival in Paris: New York Times, June 1, 1961; Time, June 9, 1961; Charles de Gaulle, Memoirs of Hope, 254, including “suffering the drawbacks”; Richard Reeves, 145-46.
p. 397: De Gaulle’s formal dinner toast: PPP: JFK, 1961, 424-25.
p. 397: “somewhat fumbling”: De Gaulle, Memoirs of Hope, 254.
p. 397: Memorized quotes: Beschloss, Crisis Years, 183.
p. 397: The gift: Sorensen, 633.
p. 397: “You’ve studied”: Charles Bohlen OH.
p. 397: The conversations: De Gaulle, Memoirs of Hope, 254-59; FRUS: Berlin Crisis, 1961-1962, 80-86; FRUS: Laos Crisis, 214-20; Talking Points Reviewing Conversations between Pres. Kennedy and Pres. De Gaulle, May 31- June 2, 1961, Box 116A, POF.
p. 397: Told an English friend: Sir Alec Douglas-Home OH.
pp. 398-99: Medical problems: Dr. Janet Travell medical records, JFKL. Dr. Max Jacobson, “John F. Kennedy,” in NHP. Parmet, JFK, 120-21; Beschloss, Crisis Years, 189-91.
p. 399: “I don’t care”: Reeves, President Kennedy, 36.
p. 399: “was in overall charge”: Beschloss, Crisis Years, 191.
p. 399: “doctors came and went”: Richard Reeves, 146-47.
p. 399: Jacobson and Jackie: Dr. Max Jacobson, “John F. Kennedy,” in NHP; Richard Reeves, 146-47.
p. 399: Jackie and de Gaulle: Schlesinger, A Thousand Days, 349.
p. 399: Jackie’s impact on the French: Leaming, 112-13.
p. 399: “Charm”: Ibid., 425.
p. 399: The French press: Quoted in Richard Reeves, 154.
p. 400: “I do not think”: PPP: JFK, 1961, 429.
p. 400: JFK resented: Interview with Marianne Means.
p. 400: Contingency planning for the Dominican Republic and Haiti: FRUS: American Republics, 1961-1963, 614, 616-18, 623-24, 629-33; the report of the assassination plot is on 629n. FRUS: Cuba, 1961-1962, 472-73, 478, 481. Salinger, 225-26.
pp. 400-401: The Bowles-RFK clash: FRUS: American Republics, 634-41.
p. 401: “gutless bastard” and Bowles conversation with JFK: Halberstam, Best and Brightest, 88-89.
p. 401: British Guiana: FRUS: American Republics, 513-19.
p. 402: “I hear there is something”: Halberstam, Best and Brightest, 94-95.
p. 402: JFK and de Gaulle on Khrushchev: FRUS: Berlin Crisis, 80-81. Also see Halberstam, Best and Brightest, 96-97.
pp. 402-3: The quotes in the documents preceding the summit are in FRUS: Soviet Union, 130-33, 135-37, 153, 161, 163, 168.
p. 403: Kennan’s analysis: Ibid., 168-70.
p. 403: The initial reception: New York Times, June 4, 1961; Kenneth O’Donnell Tapes, Tape 51, JFKL; Beschloss, Crisis Years, 191-92.
p. 403: “You make a hell”: Quoted in Schoenbaum, 335.
p. 405: For the opening exchanges: Richard Reeves, 159; FRUS: Soviet Union, 172-73.
p. 405: “ways and means”: Ibid., 173-74.
pp. 405-6: Additional JFK-Khrushchev exchanges in the first conversation: Ibid., 174-78.
p. 406: The luncheon exchanges: Ibid., 178-81.
pp. 406-7: The stroll in the garden: O’Donnell and Powers, 296; FRUS: Soviet Union, 182; Beschloss, Crisis Years, 198-99.
p. 407: The afternoon meeting: FRUS: Soviet Union, 183-96.
p. 407: Khrushchev’s exhilaration: Sergei Khrushchev, 106.
p. 407: “He’s very young”: Quoted in Richard Reeves, 166.
p. 408: “to connect the questions”: FRUS: Soviet Union, 196-97.
p. 408: For the JFK, Thompson, Bohlen reactions: Beschloss, Crisis Years, 205; Richard Reeves, 165-67.
pp. 408-9: The competition for international prestige: “John F. Kennedy, USIA, and World Public Opinion,” Diplomatic History, Winter 2001, 63-84.
pp. 409-10: The dinner party: New York Times, June 4, 1961; Rose Kennedy, 404-5; Schlesinger, A Thousand Days, 367; Nikita Khrushchev, 498-99; Beschloss, Crisis Years, 207-9.
p. 410: The second day opening exchanges: FRUS: Soviet Union, 206-11.
p. 410: “Look, Mr. Chairman”: Richard Reeves, 167. This exchange is not in the FRUS memo for June 4 at 10:30 A.M., but Reeves cites it as in a memcom at the National Security Archive, George Washington University, Washington, D.C.
pp. 410-11: Exchanges over the test ban and disarmament: FRUS: Soviet Union, 211-16.
pp. 411-12: Discussion of Germany and Berlin: Ibid., 216-25.
p. 412: Exchanges over lunch: Ibid., 225-28.
p. 412: “I can’t leave here”: O’Donnell and Powers
p. 412: “I’m not going”: Time, Jan. 5, 1962.
p. 412: “This is the nut-cutter”: Quoted in Bradlee, Conversations, 126.
p. 413: Kennedy began by saying: FRUS: Soviet Union, 229-30.
p. 413: “Then Mr. Chairman:” Quoted in Richard Reeves, 171, which is based on a Reeves interview with, and letter from, Rusk.
p. 413: With James Reston: New York Times, June 5, 1961; Halberstam, Best and Brightest, 95-97.
p. 413: On Air Force One: O’Donnell Tapes, Tape 53; O’Donnell and Powers, 298; Press Panel OH.
pp. 413-14: Conversation with O’Donnell: O’Donnell Tapes, Tape 53; O’Donnell and Powers, 297-99.
p. 414: “somebody with whom”: Guthman and Shulman, 28-29, 262-63.
Chapter 12: Crisis Manager
p. 415: On initial contact between JFK and Macmillan, see Memo of Meeting, April 6, 1961, Box 175, NSF.
p. 415: “so old”: Guthman and Shulman, 30-31, 262.
p. 415: “in the bosom”: Brandon Diaries, June 9, 1961, Henry Brandon Papers, LC.
p. 415: “It was the gay things”: Schlesinger, A Thousand Days, 374-77.
pp. 415-16: Macmillan meeting: Macmillan, 355-59. FRUS: Berlin Crisis, 1961-1962, 98-102.
p. 416: Meeting with congressional leaders: FRUS: Soviet Union, 232-37.
pp. 416-17: JFK TV address, June 6: PPP: JFK, 1961, 441-46.
p. 417: “a widespread feeling”: Time, June 30, 1961.
p. 417: “I ‘feel in my bones’”: Horne, Macmillan, 310. See The Times of London, which complained that JFK “has not exercised proper and effective leadership”: Sen. Albert Gore to Editor, The Times, June 28, 1961, Box 27, POF.
p. 417: “this problem”: FRUS: Berlin Crisis, 107-8.
p. 417: “There are limits”: Quoted in Wofford, 379.
p. 418: Khrushchev’s dilemma: Vladislav M. Zubok, “Khrushchev and the Berlin Crisis, 1958-1962,” Cold War International History Project, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Washington, D.C., May 1993.
p. 418: Aide-mémoires and Khrushchev speech: New York Times, June 12, 16, and 17, 1961.
p. 418: “dropped all pretense”: FRUS: Soviet Union, 249-50.
p. 418: Hans J. Morgenthau, “The Trouble with Kennedy,” Commentary, Dec. 1961, 51-55.
p. 418: But behind the scenes: FRUS: Berlin Crisis, 265.
p. 418: “He’s imprisoned”: Sidey, 218.
pp. 418-19: Highest priority: FRUS: Berlin Crisis, 106-38. Also see NSAM No. 41, April 25, 1961, Box 329, NSF; Henry Kissinger to McGeorge Bundy, June 1, 1961, Box 31, POF; JFK-Finletter meeting, June 14, 1961, and JFK-Stikker meeting, June 16, 1961, Box 220A, NSF; Amb. David Bruce to Rusk, June 25, 1961, Box 170, NSF.
p. 419: “The need for re-establishing”: FRUS: Berlin Crisis, 135-36, and 138-59.
p. 419: “Look at this”: Quoted in Richard Reeves, 188-89.
pp. 419-20: The Nixon dig and the news conference: PPP: JFK, 1961, 476-84. 644: Also see ibid., 455-56, 458-59, 460-64.
p. 420: “more than military men”: NSAM No. 55, June 28, 1961, Box 330, NSF.
p. 420: June 29 meeting with Acheson and others: FRUS: Berlin Crisis, 160-62.
p. 421: JFK meeting with Soviet journalists: FRUS: Soviet Union, 264-66.
p. 421: The leak and Khrushchev’s response: Newsweek, July 3, 1961; Beschloss, Crisis Years, 244-45.
p. 421: Schlesinger delivered a memo: Schlesinger to JFK, July 7, 1961, in FRUS: Berlin Crisis, 173-76; also see Schlesinger to Bundy, July 13, 1961, Box WH 3, Arthur Schlesinger Jr. Papers, JFKL; and A Thousand Days, 385-88.
pp. 421-22 : While they cruised: Richard Reeves, 192-93.
p. 422: Asked McNamara and Bundy: NASM No. 58, June 30, 1961, in FRUS: Berlin Crisis, 162-65. Explanations from the Pentagon: Bundy to McNamara, July 10, 1961, Box 273, NSF. Directed Sylvester: Arthur Sylvester to JFK, July 13, 1961, with Sylvester to Hearst, July 13, 1961, attached, Box 77, POF.
p. 422: July planning: FRUS: Berlin Crisis, 176-226.
p. 422: “the only alternatives” and “If Khrushchev wants”: Schlesinger, A Thousand Days, 390-91.
p. 422: Press conference, July 19, 1961: PPP: JFK, 1961, 513-21.
pp. 422-23: “didn’t amount to very much”: Guthman and Shulman, 276-77. Also see PPP: JFK, 1961, 520.
p. 423: “Gentlemen, you might as well”: Quoted in Catudal, 182. Also see FRUS: Berlin Crisis, 218.
pp. 423-24: Kennedy’s speech on the 25th: Report to American People on the Berlin Crisis, July 25, 1961. PPP: JFK, 1961, 533-40.
p. 424: Response to the speech: Donald M. Wilson to JFK, Aug. 1, 1961, Box 290, NSF.
p. 424: Press reaction: Schlesinger, A Thousand Days, 392. Congress: New York Times, Aug. 4, 1961. Nixon: Dallas Morning News, July 29, 1961.
p. 424: Sixty percent: Gallup, 1726, 1729-30.
p. 424: Leaked suggestions: Beschloss, Crisis Years, 262.
p. 424: Khrushchev was unhappy: FRUS: Berlin Crisis, 231-34.
p. 425: The “twin tactics”: Thomas Hughes, “August 7 Khrushchev Speech on Berlin,” n.d., Box 82, NSF.
p. 425: Closing the border: FRUS: Berlin Crisis, 325; Beschloss, Crisis Years, chap. 11.
p. 425: Fulbright quote: Schlesinger, A Thousand Days, 394.
p. 425: JFK to Rostow: Rostow, 231; Walt W. Rostow OH.
p. 425: JFK, “I can get”: Schlesinger, A Thousand Days, 394.
p. 425: Kennedy had no advance knowledge: Lawrence Freedman, 73-75.
p. 425: Frustrated and angry: Parmet, JFK, 199.
p. 425: “With this weekend’s”: JFK to McNamara, Aug. 14, 1961, Box 273, NSF.
pp. 425-26: “What steps”: FRUS: Berlin Crisis, 332.
p. 426: Stayed at the Cape: Richard Reeves, 211.
p. 426: State Dept. statement: Ibid., 325.
p. 426: “Why would Khrushchev”: O’Donnell and Powers, 303.
p. 426: “can and should be”: FRUS: Berlin Crisis, 339-41.
p. 426: Willy Brandt: FRUS: Berlin Crisis, 345-46.
p. 426: “Look at this!”: Quoted in Wyden, Wall, 230.
p. 426: Aug. 17 meeting: FRUS: Berlin Crisis, 347-49.
p. 427: JFK reply to Brandt: Ibid., 352-53.
p. 427: “There’ll be a lot”: O’Donnell and Powers, 303. Also see Walter Jenkins OH, LBJL.
p. 427: Norstad to Chiefs: FRUS: Berlin Crisis, 350-51.
pp. 427-28: On LBJ in Bonn and Berlin: Dallek, Flawed Giant, 19-20; Schlesinger, A Thousand Days, 396-97. Also see Wyden, Wall, 227-34.
p. 428: Wanted fresh proposals: JFK to Rusk, Aug. 21, 1961, in FRUS: Berlin Crisis, 359-60.
p. 428: De Gaulle to JFK, Aug. 26, 1961, in ibid., 377-78.
p. 428: Neutralism and threats to civil air and road access: Ibid., 380-85.
p. 428: Nuclear testing and “Khrushchev intends”: FRUS: Soviet Union, 284, 392.
p. 428: Khrushchev-Pearson: Washington Post, Aug. 28, 1961.
p. 428: Kennan reported: FRUS: Berlin Crisis, 387.
pp. 428-29: JFK to Adenauer, Sept. 4, 1961: Ibid., 389-91.
p. 429: JFK reply to Rusk, Sept. 5, 1961: Quoted in Schlesinger, A Thousand Days, 398.
p. 429: Clay appointment: PPP: JFK, 1961, 573.
p. 429: Nuclear testing: Ibid., 580-81, 584-85, 587, 589-90.
p. 429: “Fucked again”: Halberstam, Best and Brightest, 84.
p. 429: “The bastards”: Quoted in Richard Reeves, 223.
p. 429: Khrushchev-Sakharov: Sakharov, 215-17.
p. 430: Sept. 5 conversation: FRUS: Berlin Crisis, 393.
p. 430: Thompson and Gromyko: Ibid., 388-89, 394-95.
p. 430: Reston: New York Times, Sept. 6, 1961.
p. 430: Wechsler: New York Post, Sept. 21-22, 1961.
p. 430: “spark a Western”: “The End of the Berlin Crisis, 1961-1962,” Cold War International History Project Bulletin, Winter 1998, 218-220.
p. 430: Message carried by Sulzberger: FRUS, Kennedy-Khrushchev, 24-25.
p. 430: Ru
pp. 430-31: Message from NSK to JFK, Salinger, 191-94.
p. 431: JFK speech: PPP: JFK, 1961, 618-26.
p. 431: “The United States and the Soviet Union”: RFK interview, Oct. 24, 1961, Box 2, Personal Papers, RFK Papers, JFKL.
pp. 431-32: NSK to JFK, Sept. 29, 1961: FRUS: Kennedy-Khrushchev, 25-38.
p. 432: “This is really”: O’Donnell and Powers, 304.
p. 432: JFK greeted Gromyko: FRUS: Berlin Crisis, 468-80.
p. 432: JFK’s view of Gromyko: Walter Lippmann OH.
p. 432: JFK to NSK, Oct. 16, 1961: FRUS: Kennedy-Khrushchev, 38-44.
p. 432: NSK announcement: Schlesinger, A Thousand Days, 400.
pp. 432-33: JFK and Dealey: Manchester, 48-49, 85. Dealey Plaza in Dallas, where JFK was killed, was named for the publisher.
p. 433: JFK to Norstad, Oct. 20, 1961: FRUS: Berlin Crisis, 520-23.
p. 433: The Gilpatric speech: Beschloss, Crisis Years, 329-31.
pp. 433-34: Soviet reaction: Ibid., 331-36. NSK to JFK, Nov. 9, 1961: FRUS: Kennedy-Khrushchev, 45-57.
p. 434: “a time of”: Bundy, 363, 681.
p. 434: Rusk cable: FRUS: Soviet Union, 308-10.
p. 434: JFK and Adzhubei, Nov. 25, 1961: Ibid., 320-34.
pp. 434-35: JFK and AES: John B. Martin, 661.
p. 435: Ten-year plan, Berle, and Schlesinger to JFK, June 27, 1961: FRUS: American Republics, 19-25, 29-30.
p. 436: Mann to Rusk, Oct. 19, 1961: Ibid., 66-70.
p. 436: Bowles agreed: Ibid., 44-45, 70-72.
p. 436: Bowles and the State Department bureaucracy: Schlesinger, A Thousand Days, 437-45.
pp. 436-37: “The question” and other Bowles quotes: Halberstam, Best and Brightest, 88, 112.
p. 437: “a true believer”: Evan Thomas, 141-42.
p. 437: NSAM: NSAM No. 88, Sept. 5, 1961; Bowles to JFK, Sept. 30, 1961, Box 331, NSF.
p. 438: “The Cuba matter”: Quoted in Schlesinger, A Thousand Days, 473.
p. 438: Discussions foundered and JFK asked Burke: FRUS: Cuba, 1961- 1962, 620-21, 631-33, 635.
p. 438: JFK told Goodwin and ignoring Castro: Ibid., 640-41, 645-47, 654-58.
p. 438: Goodwin and Che: Ibid., 642-45; Richard Goodwin, 190-208; Goodwin, “President Kennedy’s Plan for Peace with Cuba,” New York Times, July 5, 2000.
p. 438: Renewed concern: FRUS: Cuba, 1961-1962, 659-60.