Hawaii by James A. Michener
In 1693 a Punti man of no standing whatever ran away with a Hakka woman, the first such marriage ever recorded in the Golden Valley, and a brawl started which lasted more than forty years. No similar marriages were attempted, but serious fighting between the Hakka and the Punti erupted on many occasions, and during one terrible campaign which involved a good deal of southern China, more than one hundred thousand people were massacred in scenes of horror which dug one more unbridgeable gulf between the two peoples. In surliness, in misunderstanding and in fear the two groups lived side by side, and no one in the area thought their enmity strange. As Ching the seer pointed out: “From the beginning of history, people who are not alike have hated one another.” In the Low Village the sages often explained the bitterness by asking, “Do the dog and the tiger mate?” Of course, when they asked this question, they threw out their chests a little at the word tiger so that no one could misunderstand as to who the dogs were.
IN THE YEAR 1847, when young Reverend Micah Hale was preaching in Connecticut—the same year in which Dr. John Whipple sailed to Valparaiso to study the export of hides—Char, the headman of the High Village, had a daughter to whom he gave a name of particular beauty: Char Nyuk Tsin, Char Perfect Jade, and it was this girl’s destiny to grow up in the two decades when Hakka fortunes degenerated in scenes of great violence. Nyuk Tsin was not a tall child, nor was she alluring, but she had strong feet, capable hands and fine teeth. Her hair was not plentiful, and this bothered her, so that her mother had several times to reprimand her, saying, “Nyuk Tsin, it doesn’t matter how you dress your hair. You haven’t very much, so accept the fact.” But what the little girl lacked in adornment, she made up in quick intelligence. Her father had to tell her only once the famous saying of the Char family: “From the beginning of history there have been mothers, and mothers have sons.” When Char spoke of family loyalty, the conspicuous virtue of the Hakka, his daughter understood.
She was therefore distressed when many people in the High Village began to whisper that headman Char had gotten into serious trouble and had run away. She could not believe that her father had the capacity to be evil, but sure enough, in due time, soldiers invaded the High Village and announced: “We are searching for the headman Char. He has joined the Taiping Rebellion, and if he dares to come back to the village, you must kill him.” The men kicked Nyuk Tsin’s mother several times and one of them jabbed a gun into the girl’s stomach, growling, “Your father is a murderer, and next time we come back it’s you we’re going to shoot.”
Nyuk Tsin was six that year, 1853, and she saw her father only once thereafter. Well, that is not entirely correct, but let us grant for the present that she saw him only once, for he did return to the High Village late one night and mysteriously. The first thing he did was embrace his skinny little girl and tell her, “Ah, Jade, your father has seen things he never dreamed of before. Horses of his own! I captured an entire Punti city … not a village like that one down there. Jade, they all bowed as I came in. Low, girl. Like this!” Later he embraced her as if she were his beloved and not his eight-year-old daughter, and he took her with him to watch his Hakka friends enlist in his great venture. Pointing at the frightened would-be soldiers, he said, “To begin with, all soldiers are afraid, Nyuk Tsin. Me? I trembled like a bird gathering seeds. But the important thing is to have loyalty in your heart. When General Lai tells me, ‘General Char, occupy that city!’ do you suppose I stop to question, ‘Now what is General Lai up to?’ No, indeed. I occupy the city, and if I have to kill fifty thousand enemy to do it, I kill them. Jade,” he cried warmly in the mountain darkness, “we are headed far north. I may never see you again.” He swept the quiet girl into his arms and held her close to him. “Take care of your mother,” he said, and the men dashed down the mountainside after him.
Nyuk Tsin did see her father again. In 1863, when she was a thin, extremely well-organized girl of sixteen, capable of bearing huge loads of wood and of caring for her mother and the rest of her family, General Wang of the imperial forces marched into the High Village and commanded his drummer to roll the drum a long time, so that all the villagers assembled. Then, with the aid of an interpreter, for such a general would never know how to speak Hakka, he ordered a herald bearing a black object to read an official announcement.
The man kept the black object in his left hand, stepped forward and read in a high nasal voice: “The Taiping rebel chief named Char, who was captured at Nanking and brought under guard to Peking, having confessed that he was a fellow conspirator with Lai Siu Tsuen, who himself has falsely assumed the title of General of the North, was tried and put to death last month by being slowly cut into three hundred small pieces over a period of nine hours, according to just law, and his head was exposed at the city for three days as a warning to all.”
Having said this, the herald passed the decree to another, and with his free hand drew away the black covering, disclosing in a wire cage the head of General Char. Ants had gotten to it, and flies, so that the eyeballs were gone and the tongue, but the dedicated man’s features were clear, and the head was fixed to a pole in the middle of the village, after which General Wang announced sternly: “This is what happens to traitors!” Then he demanded: “Where is the widow of the traitor Char?” The villagers refused to identify the wife of their great leader, but Nyuk Tsin’s mother put her children aside and announced proudly, “I am his wife.”
“Shoot her,” General Wang said, and she fell into the village dust.
Later the High Village, remembered sardonically General Wang’s platitudes about traitors, for it was hardly less than two weeks after his brave appearance in their village that he studied the various opportunities confronting him and decided to become a traitor himself.
The year 1864 was therefore a truly terrible one in the Golden Valley, for half the time General Wang was rampaging through the villages seeking loot, while during the other half government troops were in pursuit of the traitor. Wang, having discovered the High Village, rarely passed it by, and in time even enlisted a good many Hakka into his band. This gave the government troops title to whatever they could find in the High Village, and they often shot Hakka farmers for the fun of it. Nyuk Tsin, by virtue of not looking too pretty and of working long hours hauling wood to the lowlands, which made her seem much older than she was, escaped rape, but many of the other Hakka girls did not.
At this time Nyuk Tsin was living meagerly in the home of her uncle, who, following the execution of her father and mother, was required by village custom to take her in. This uncle, a hard, unhappy one, reminded her constantly of two dismal facts: she was already seventeen years old and unmarried; and because she was her rebellious father’s daughter the soldiers might at any time return to the High Village and shoot both her and her uncle. These two conditions were cause enough for her uncle to cut down on her food rations and increase the bundle of wood she was required to lug down onto the plain.
Nyuk Tsin was not married because of a most unfortunate event over which she had no control. Her horoscope, which had been carefully cast when envoys from a distant Hakka village came seeking wives for the Lai family, showed the thin girl to be doubly cursed: she was born under the influence of the horse and was therefore a headstrong, evil prospect as a wife; and she was clearly a husband-killer, so that only a foolish man would take her into his home. There were, of course, favorable aspects to her future, such as a promise of wealth and many descendants, and these might have encouraged an avaricious husband to discount the peril, except that her horoscope divulged an additional disgrace: she would die in a foreign land. Adding together her willfulness, her husband-killing propensity and her burial in alien soil, the Hakka of the High Village knew that in Char Nyuk Tsin they had an unmarriageable girl, and after a while they stopped proposing her to visiting envoys.
She therefore worked her life away in the near-starving village. She had two items of clothing: a dark-blue cotton smock and a pair of dirty cotton trousers to ma
It must not be assumed that during these troubled times the Punti fared any better than the Hakka. In fact, since the traitorous troops of General Wang disliked climbing mountains, there was a good deal more raping and kidnaping in the Low Village than in the High; but this was halted whenever the wild river went into its periodic flood and starvation threatened to wipe out the village completely.
These were bad years, but they were terminated in early 1865 by the arrival in the Low Village of a man reputed to be fantastically rich, and within six weeks this amazing Punti had broken open the floodgates so that the river was diverted and the village spared, had bought off the traitor General Wang and then betrayed him to government forces, and had made the village not only secure but happy. The man who accomplished these miracles was a wiry, clever Punti, Kee Chun Fat, whose name meant Spring Prosperity and who had been born fifty-two years earlier right there in the Low Village. In 1846 he had emigrated to California, where he had worked in the gold fields, acquiring the eleven thousand dollars which made him, according to Low Village standards, one of the richest men in the world.
As he moved about the village, making many decisions regarding the extensive Kee family of which he was now the effective if not titular head, he wore a long pigtail, a black skullcap edged in blue satin, a gray silken coatlike garment that fell to his ankles and was tightly buttoned at the neck and heavy brocaded shoes. His lean frame kept him from making an imposing, patriarchal figure, but his evocation of energy made him the unquestioned dictator of the village. In California he had learned to read English but not Chinese, and he could figure percentages, so that as soon as he unpacked he started lending money to his relatives at forty per cent interest per year.
When the Kee family asked admiringly, “How could a man like you, who is not a soldier at all, be so brave as to argue with General Wang?” he laughed slyly and explained, “When you’ve had to live by outsmarting Americans, it’s very easy to manage a fool like General Wang.” Of course, this answer was meaningless to the Punti, so they said, “We still don’t understand how you did it.”
Kee Chun Fat had an explanation for everything, so he replied, “In Peking a man is emperor, but I have found that in the world money is emperor.”
“Did you give General Wang money?” the villagers pressed.
“I gave him enough to keep him hanging around,” Uncle Chun Fat explained. “Then I told the government troops where he was, and promised them money if they would hang him, and they did.”
There was much discussion among the Kee family as to how Uncle Chun Fat had made his great fortune in America, and one had only to pose the question for the head of the family to explain: “America has gold fields where money is easily made. There are gangs of men laying telegraph wires, and money is easy there, too. But where do you suppose the money is easiest of all? Where they’re building railroads. Tell me, do you think that I brought home with me only the money you have seen here in the Low Village? Oh no, my good friends! I made that much in the gold fields in one year. Washing for the miners. Cooking food. My real money is in an English bank in Hong Kong.” And he produced a book to prove it but only he could read the writing.
Uncle Chun Fat’s stories of America were tantalizing. Once he said, “The best part of California is not the money but the women. A man can have three Indian wives and any number of Mexicans. But not at the same time.” Young men with their lips watering asked more about this, but Uncle Chun Fat has already passed on to other matters. “What I would like to do,” he explained to his assembled family, “is to restore the ancestral hall until it is known as the finest in China. We will do honor to our great ancestor, Prince Kee Tse of the Hsiang Dynasty, from whom we are sprung.” As he said these words he recalled the illustrious prince who had invaded Korea nearly three thousand years before, and he told his clan, “It is strange to live in America, where most men do not even know who their grandfathers were. We shall make the name of Prince Kee renowned once more throughout China.” Chun Fat had an older brother who had never amounted to much; nevertheless this Kee Chun Kong was still nominal head of the family, and Chun Fat was careful not to usurp any of his moral prerogatives. But time was short, and in practical matters the energetic Californian had to make one swift decision after another, for which he was forgiven in view of the fact that he was paying for everything. Therefore, as the yearly festival of Ching Ming approached, when honorable men pay obeisance to their ancestors, he dispatched runners with this command: “All members of the Kee family shall return to the ancestral hall to celebrate Ching Ming.” He then spent nearly a thousand dollars beautifying the low tile-roofed building which was the spiritual focus of the Kee clan.
One of his messengers traveled as far south as the evil little Portuguese city of Macao, across the bay from Hong Kong, and there in the Brothel of Spring Nights he delivered his command to a handsome, sharp-eyed young man who cooked for the brothel and helped in other ways. Kee Mun Ki was twenty-two at the time, a clever opportunist, with a brisk pigtail, quick gambler’s hands and an ingratiating smile. His father, hoping that his son would mature into a solid, gifted scholar, had named him Pervading Foundation, but he had wandered from academic pursuits, finding himself skilled at luring young girls into the brothel and in gambling with European sailors who frequented Macao. When the messenger from the Low Village arrived, young Mun Ki was in the midst of an impressive winning streak and showed no intention of leaving the Portuguese city. “Tell my father,” he explained, “that this year I must miss the feast of Ching Ming. Ask him to offer prayers to our ancestors on my behalf.”
“It was not your father who sent for you,” the runner explained.
“Is he dead?” the young gambler asked in apprehension.
“No, he’s well.”
Relieved, Mun Ki asked, “Then who presumes to send for me?”
“Your uncle, Chun Fat,” the messenger explained.
The young brothel assistant could not remember his uncle, who had left the Punti village when Mun Ki was only three, so again he dismissed the command. “I can’t return this year,” he explained. “Business is good here in Macao.” He pointed to the freshly painted brothel and to the red dragons on the gambling hall nearby.
Then the messenger delivered the striking news that was to modify the young pimp’s life. He said, “Uncle Chun Fat has come back to our village with several million American dollars.”
“He’s rich?” the adroit young nephew asked.
“He’s very rich!” the messenger replied in an awe-filled voice.
“We’d better leave at once,” Mun Ki said forcefully. He went in to see the brothel keeper and reported, “My father summons me home to the Low Village.” That sounded impressive.
“Then you must go,” piously replied the Punti who ran the house. “Children must honor their parents. But if you find any extra girls in the village, bring them back. We can always use extra Punti.”
As Mun Ki and the messenger hiked along the river bank to their village, the soft airs of spring brushed over them, and they were deeply moved by the sight of rice fields just bursting into a limpid green; but when they came within sight of home, they saw the bright red paint that had been lav
Uncle Chun Fat was thoroughly impressed by his nephew, for he recognized in Mun Ki his own quick shrewdness. “How is work in the brothel?” he inquired.
“Good,” his nephew dutifully replied. “You can always steal a little something from the Europeans. But I make most of my money gambling with the sailors.”
Uncle Chun Fat studied the boy’s hands and said, “You ought to go to America.”
“Could I prosper there?”
“Prosper! My dear nephew, any Punti who cannot make his way in America must be very stupid indeed.” Encouraged by the boy’s attentiveness, Chun Fat expatiated upon his favorite theme: “It’s ridiculously easy to make a fortune in America if you remember two things. Americans understand absolutely nothing about Chinese, yet they have remarkably firm convictions about us, and to prosper you must never disappoint them. Unfortunately, their convictions are contrary, so that it is not always easy to be a Chinese.”
“I don’t understand what you are saying,” Kee Mun Ki interrupted.
“You will in a moment,” his uncle replied. “First, the Americans are convinced that all Chinese are very stupid, so you must seem to be stupid. Second, they are also convinced that we are very clever. So you must seem to be clever.”
“How can a man be stupid and clever at the same time?” the young pimp pleaded.
“I didn’t say you were to be stupid and clever. I said you had to seem to be.”