An Era of Darkness: The British Empire in India by Shashi Tharoor
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INDEX
Agra Famine (1837–38), 177
agrarian civilization, 132
agrarian society of peasants, 50
Ali, Hyder, 28, 40
Ambedkar, B. R., 141, 147–48, 232
Amery, Leopold, 156, 187–89
Amrita Bazar Patrika, 97–100
Anderson, Benedict, 123
Anglo-Indian, 68, 82–83, 87, 101, 211
Anglo-Sikh wars, 281
aristocracy, xxv, 13, 26, 57, 59, 63, 77, 139, 238, 246
Arya Samaj, 187, 268
Aryan origins’ theory, 132
Atlantic Charter, 154
Attlee, Clement, 104, 154
Aurangzeb, Emperor, 4, 133, 257, 269
Autobiography of an Unknown Indian (1951), 224
Azad, Maulana, 46, 155
Baldwin, Stanley, 204
Balkanization, 168
Banerjea, Surendra Nath, 70, 79, 97, 232
Battle of Plassey (1757), 12
Bayly, C. A., 81, 85
Beadon, Cecil, 179
Bengal, 4, 14–15, 19, 22–23, 29, 30, 32, 46, 48, 52, 60, 109, 114, 150, 164, 179, 238, 245, 247
Bengal, xxv, 4, 14-15,19, 22–23, 29, 32, 46, 48, 52, 60, 109, 114
famine in, 177
partition of, 83, 86, 138,
shipbuilding industry, 32-35,
textiles of, 7-8
communal violence, 167
social unity, 139
newspapers/the press, 96-97, 99,
Company’s de facto control of, 5
education, 217, 226
Bentinck, Lord William, 9, 220, 268
Besant, Annie, 100
Bhagavad Gita, 134, 243
Bihar Famine (1873–74), 177
Bill, Ilbert, 107
Bolts, William, 52
Bose, Subhas Chandra, 151, 154
Brahmo Samaj, 187, 268
British presidencies, 24, 245
British Standard Specification Steel (BSSS), 38–39
Bryan, William Jennings, 189, 255, 262
Burke, Edmund, 13, 16, 18, 22, 55
Burmese War (1824–6), 27
Cabinet Mission, 160–64, 166
Plan, 163–66
Cameron, David, xxiii, 282
capitalism, 30, 261, 277–78, 290–91
Carnatic Wars, 53
Case for India, The, see Durant, Will Cashman, Richard, 246
caste, 68, 113, 122, 231–32, 244, 278
system of, 113, 123, 267
colonialism and, 123–25
Censorship of the Press Act (1799), 96
census, 127–31
ethnographic census, 128
map and the museum, 128
process of identity-creation, 130
social classification, 128
Charter Act (1813), 219
Chatterjee, Bankim Chandra, 24
Chaudhuri, Nirad C., xxv, 224–26, 233
Churchill, Winston, 88, 153–56, 158, 188–89, 194, 250, 273
against Gandhi, 155–56
famine policy, 158, 188
civil disobedience, 84, 151, 153, 155, 236–37, 285
Clive, Robert, 12, 51, 276
Cockerell brothers—John and Charles, 14
colonialism, 10, 46, 77, 86, 94, 99, 105, 117, 120, 122, 124, 128, 190, 197, 200, 207–8, 218, 229, 233–34, 236, 238, 240, 250, 253, 255–56, 258, 261–62, 264, 270, 276–77, 279–80, 283, 287–88
agrarian policy, 259
‘benevolence’ of, 112
British legislation, 114
economic policy, 35, 261, 287
expansion, 38, 55
form of civil society, 124
legacies of, 277, 288
repression, 105
communal identity, 141
communal violence, 167
Congress Working Committee, 151, 163–64
see also Indian National Congress, 261
Congress–League cooperation, 163
Conrad, Joseph, 258
Cornwallis, Lord, 53, 63
Cotton, Arthur, 250
cricket, 208, 230, 238, 243–47
Bengal society, 245
connected with the nationalist movement, 247
Parsi cricketers, 245
Quadrangular Tournament, 246
Ranji, 246
Cripps, Sir Stafford, 154, 161
Curzon, Lord, 56, 78, 85–86, 109, 138, 231, 250
da Gama, Vasco, 256
Dalhousie, Lord, 6, 208
Dalrymple, William, 6, 74
Das, Gurcharan, 259
Davis, Mike, 182–83
de Châtelet, Comte, 11
deindustrialization, 7–11, 39
destruction of artisanal industries, 9
destruction of India’s thriving manufacturing industries, 7
destruction of textile competition, 7
imposition of duties and tariffs, 8
diamonds, 11–19, see also Kohinoor
Digby, William, 22, 25–26, 35, 178
Direct Action Day, 164
Dirks, Nicholas B., 122, 124–25
Disraeli, Benjamin, 55, 246
divide and rule, 48, 120, 131, 133, 171–73, 227, 288–89
Dominion status, 85, 89, 154, 168
drain of resources, 19–25
Duleepsinhji, K. S., 246
Durant, Will, 2, 11, 25, 29, 59–60, 142, 180–81, 189, 202, 210, 216, 226–27, 231, 266–67
Durrani, Ahmed Shah, 281
Dutt, R. C., 22, 181, 219
Dyer, General Reginald, 90, 198–204, 250
East India Company, 2–6, 8, 11, 13–14, 16–19, 22–23, 30, 33, 41, 48, 51–53, 55, 63–64, 74, 96, 125, 181, 191, 195, 197, 208, 216, 219, 239, 254, 256, 261, 265, 277
economic exploitation, 29, 40–41, 206, 252
Economist, The,183
Edge, Sir John, 72
Education, 206–208, 217–223
and English language, 215–6
addition to monasteries, 218
Britain’s education policy, 216
Company’s interest, 219
female literacy rate, 215
guru-shishya parampara, 216
madrasas, 217
enlightened despotism, 176, 194
famine, 176–90
adequate infrastructure and transportation, 186
Agra famine (1837–1838), 177
Bengal famine (1943–44), 177
Bihar famine (1873–1874), 177
Bombay famine (1905–6), 177
cattle camps, 186
Chalisa famine (1783–84), 177
Doji bara famine (1791–92), 177
famine-related deaths, 179
fiscal prudence, 186
fixing grain prices, 181
Great Bengal famine (1770), 177
legitimate’ objectives of charitable relief, 184
Orissa famine (1866), 177, 179, 183
policies of tax relief, 181
refusal to intervene, 178
reli
South India famine (1876–1877, 1877–1878), 177, 188
fascism, 150–51, 287
Ferguson, Niall, 57, 94–95, 194, 251–54, 256, 259, 263–64, 270, 277–79
Fielding-Hall, H., 63, 68–70
forced migration, 190–94, 204
Botany Bays of India, 191
Brotherhood of the Boat, 193
deaths of slaves on Middle Passage, 193
penal settlement of the Andamans, 192
plantation economy of Mauritius, 191
Prince of Wales Island, 191
Straits Settlements, 191–2
Forster, E. M., 76, 78–79, 130
free press, 94–102, 173, 177, 284
free trade principles, 178
freedom of speech, 87, 90, 115
Fuller, Robert Augustus, 107
Gallup Poll, 276
Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand, see Mahatma Gandhi
Gandhi, Rajiv, 238
Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb, 134
Gentleman’s Magazine, The, 16
Ghori, Muhammad, 136
Ghosh, Amitav, xxvi, 194
Ghosh, Aurobindo, 71
Gilmour, David, 59, 62
Gilroy, Paul, 251
Gokhale, Gopal Krishna, 213, 232
Government of India Act (1935), 80–81, 146
Great Depression, 36, 39, 240, 259
Hardinge, Lord, 208
Hastings, Warren, 13, 17, 55, 61, 125
Hicky, James Augustus, 96
Hind Swaraj, 232, 287
Hindu Mahasabha, 161
Hindu majority rule, 150
Hindu, The, 94, 98
Hindu–Muslim divide, 131–44
Hindustan Times, 98
Hiroshima, 286
History of British India, The, 132
Hjortshoj, Keith, 143-44
Home Rule, 30, 84, 100, 246
House of Commons, 19, 30, 46, 60, 187, 203, 267
House of Lords, 203
Howitt, William, 18, 28, 30, 230, 265
Hume, Allan Octavian, 80–81
Ibrahim, Sayyad, 134
imperial durbar, 56
Imperial Civil Service, see Indian Civil Service indentured labour, 28, 176, 190, 192–93, 263, 270
India Conquered, 253, 270
Indian Civil Service, 59–71
Indian Institute of Science, 40
Indian National Congress, 71, 80–81, 84, 86, 138, 147, 149, 171, 203, 268
Indian Penal Code, 94, 111, 114–17
Indian Summer: The Secret History of the End of an Empire, 143, 206
Industrial Revolution, 6–7, 9, 40, 259
interim government, 160, 162, 164–66, 168
Jafar, Mir, 5, 48
Jallianwala Bagh massacre, 90, 197, 199–200, 203, 280
James, Lawrence, 95, 185, 251, 256, 268
Jehangir, Emperor, 4, 269
Jinnah, Muhammad Ali, 98, 140, 142, 148, 150, 152–53, 155, 157–70, 286
Jones, William, 126
Kaplan, Robert, 80, 291
Kashmir, 4, 45, 100
Kasim, Mir, 48
Keay, John, xxiii, 15
Khan, Aga, 77, 139–40
Khan, Hakim Ajmal, 140
Khan, Khan Abdul Ghaffar, 162
Khan, Sikandar Hayat, 150, 157
Khan, Syed Ahmed, 72
King George V, 56
Kipling, Rudyard, 60, 76–8, 105, 203, 229, 236, 271, 276
Kitchlew, Saifuddin, 198
Kohinoor, 15, 280–3
Labour Party, 154, 160
Lahore Resolution, 152
Lakshmibai, Rani, 196
Lansdowne-Patrika episode, 100
Law Commission, 221
Linlithgow, Lord, 149, 152–53, 157
Lord North’s Regulating Act (1773), 16
Louis XIV, 257
Lucknow Pact, 140
Lytton, Lord, 56, 63, 65, 70, 99, 182, 184
Macaulay, Lord, 13, 19, 55, 77, 106, 132, 218, 220, 222, 228, 231, 247, 250, 267
Minute on Education, xi, 206, 218, 220
Maddison, Angus, 4, 26, 113
Madras Presidency, 21, 111
Mahabharata, 45, 116, 134, 218, 227
mahalwari, 21, 23, see also ryotwari
Maharaja of Patiala, 59
Mahatma Gandhi, see also Hind Swaraj, 56, 75, 83–86, 89, 102, 110, 115, 140, 145–48, 155–6, 165, 167, 169–70, 187–8, 200, 210, 214–15, 218, 232–3, 236–7, 259, 266, 273, 283–7
on religion, 147
in South Africa, 84
truth-force, 79–86
on non-violence, 156
civil disobedience, 84
Mahmud of Ghazni, 136, 268
Mahmud, Justice Syed, 72, 107, 140
Malcolm, Sir John, 75
Maratha Peshwas, 54, 260
Marx, Karl, 253
Mason, Philip, 263
Mayo, Lord, 13, 62
Menon, Krishna, 79, 168
Metcalfe, Thomas, 127
Mill, James, 132, 219
Mill, John Stuart, 63, 227
Minto-Morley Reforms, 80, 141, 144
Minute on Education(1835), 218, 220
Mishra, Pankaj, 224, 277–79
Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms, 85, 89, 141, 198
Mountbatten, Lord Louis, 58, 166–70, 237
Mughal empire, 2, 4–5, 47, 280
Muslim League, 98, 102, 138, 140, 142, 148–50, 152, 157, 159, 161–62, 164–66, 171
mutiny of 1857, see Revolt of 1857
nabobs, 7–11, 13–16, 55
Naidu, Sarojini, 140
Nandy, Ashis, 233, 243, 245
Naoroji, Dadabhai, 25, 30, 73, 178, 213, 219
Nehru, Jawaharlal, 60, 79, 98, 105, 115, 142, 150–70, 202–3, 219, 264, 273
abhorrence of fascism, 151
idealism, 159
pro-Allied position, 156
Nehruvian socialism, 103
Nehru, Motilal, 140, 202
Nehruvian socialism of the Congress, 103
Nevinson, Henry, 67, 81–82, 86, 101, 110, 139
non-cooperation movement, see also Mahatma Gandhi, 86
North-West Frontier Province, 158, 165, 168, 170
Ochterlony, David, 74
Olcott, H. S., 132
Olivier, Lord, 142
opium, 10, 241, 250, 265–67
campaign against, 266
cultivation, 194, 266
policy, 266
shops, 266
war, 239, 265
Ottoman empire, 88, 141, 289
Partition of Bengal (1905), 83, 138
Partition (1947), 83, 86, 100, 139, 145, 152, 159, 173–74, 263, 289
Passage to India, A, 76–77, 79, 130
Patel, Sardar Vallabhbhai, 167
People of India, The, 129
permanent settlement, 21–22, 49
Pethick-Lawrence, Lord, 161
Phule, Jyotiba, 232
Pitt, Thomas, 15–16
Pitt, William, 16–17
Poona Pact, 148
Press Act (1910), 94, 100
princely states, 20, 27, 58, 88, 100, 128, 168, 245
Qasim, Muhammad bin, 135
Queen Elizabeth I, xxiii, 4
Queen Victoria’s Proclamation (1858), 54–59, 112
Quit India movement (1942), 75, 156–57, 197
racial discrimination, 69–70, 75, 83, 107, 110
Radcliffe, Cyril, 172
Rai, Lala Lajpat, 146
railways, 6, 28, 38–39, 208–15, 238, 258, 262, 290
discriminatory hiring practices, 211
double standards of colonial justice, 212
instrument against famine, 214
private enterprise at public risk, 209
railway workshops, 213
whites-only compartments, 210
World War I, 215
raiyatwari see ryotwari Ramakrishna Mission, 187
Raman, C. V., 235
Ramayana, 45, 21
Ranjitsinhji, K. S., xxv, 246
Revolt of 1857, 6, 23, 194, 196
Rhodes, Cecil, 24, 276
Ripon, Lord, 76, 107
Risley, Herbert, see also census, 129, 130, 138
Roe, Thomas, 4
Rose, Hugh, 196
Rousseau, 231
Rowlatt Act (1919), 90, 99, 198
Roy, Raja Rammohan, 217, 268
Royal Commission (1895), 265–66
Royal Indian Engineering College, 212
Royal Indian Navy, 29, 285
ryotwari, 21, 23
Salisbury, Marquess of, 23–24, 179
sati, 113, 268, see also Roy, Raja Ram
sedition, 83, 90, 94, 114–15, 118, 230–31
self-governance, 91, 131, 146
Sen, Amartya, 177
Shah, Nadir, 5, 136, 268, 280–82
Shankara, Adi, 45
Shia-Sunni divide, 143–44
shipbuilding industry, 32–35
Shore, F. J., 19, 31, 60
Shore, John, 17
Sikh empire, 281–82
Simla Conference, 162
Singh, Maharaja Ranjit, 134, 281
Siraj-ud-Daula, 5, 48
Spanish Inquisition, 90
Strickland, Walter, 239
Sunderland, J. T., 3, 10, 73
Swadeshi movement, 79–86
Sykes-Picot Agreement (1916), 288
Tagore, Rabindranath, 70, 89–90, 200, 258–59
Tagore, Satyendranath, 70
Talbot, Phillips, 161–62
Tata, Jamsetji, 38–40, 110, 242, 261
Tata Steel, 38–39
Taylor, A. J. P., 201
tea, 238–43
Chinese monopoly, 238
Indian tea as a cultivated commodity, 239
rising wages and collapsing profits, 242
Scottish planters, 240
Teignmouth, 1st Baron of, see Shore, John Tetley, 242, see also tea
Thackeray, William Makepeace, 73
Thapar, Romila, 131, 134
Theosophical Society, 132
Thoreau, Henry David, 84
thuggee, 113, 268
Times of India, 97, 156
Tipu Sultan, 40
trade routes, 32–33
Trevelyan, Charles, 228
Tsang, Hsuan, 217
Unionist Party, 150
United Nations Charter, 286
Vernacular Press Act (1878), 99
Vijayanagara kingdom, 44, 133
Vivekananda, Swami, 24, 135
von Tunzelmann, Alex, 143, 172, 206
Walpole, Horace, 14
War Cabinet, 154
Wavell, Lord Archibald, 155, 158, 161–66
Wedderburn, William, 80
Wellesley, Lord, 33, 96
Wilde, Oscar, 37, 246
Wilson, Jon, 50, 64, 113, 195, 253, 255, 270
World War I, xxv, 10, 27, 29, 33, 58, 71, 85, 87, 89, 141, 157, 171, 178, 197, 215, 259
World War II, 27, 29, 157, 171, 178, 285
Yes, Minister,85
YouGov poll, 251
Zafar, Bahadur Shah, Emperor, 196
zamindari, 21–23