The Age of Voltaire by Will Durant
CHAPTER XIV
1. Letter of May 27, 1756, in Chaponnière, Voltaire chez les Calvinistes, 18.
2. Épinay, Mme. d’, Memoirs and Correspondence, III, 178.
3. Marmontel, Memoirs, I, 317.
4. Morley, Life of Voltaire, 200.
5. Boswell, Life of Samuel Johnson, 87.
6. Oechsli, W., History of Switzerland, 260.
7. Ibid., 272.
8. In Herold, The Swiss without Halos, 161.
9. Oechsli, 264.
10. Coxe, Travels in Switzerland, II, 225.
11. Ibid., 179.
12. Oechsli, 265.
13. Coxe, Travels, I, 304.
14. Oechsli, 243.
15. Ibid., 245.
16. Coxe, II, 262.
17. Casanova, Memoirs, I, 392, 407.
18. Coxe, II, 292.
19. Ibid.
20. Francke, History of German Literature, 220.
21. Lough, J., The Encyclopédie, 56.
22. Épinay, Memoirs, III, 199.
23. Coxe, II, 357.
24. Épinay, III, 173–75.
25. Masson, P., La Religion de Rousseau, I, 10–11.
26. In Naves, Voltaire et l’Encyclopédie, 148.
27. Ibid., 39.
28. 40.
29. Lough, 94.
30. Desnoiresterres, V, 179–81.
31. Lough, 92.
32. Geneva, Musée d’Art et d’Histoire.
33. Jean Gaberel in Parton, II, 228.
34. Voltaire, Essai sur les moeurs, Ch. lxviii.
35. Morley, 284.
36. Ibid., 290.
37. Flint, History of the Philosophy of History, 254.
38. Letter to Thieriot, Oct. 31, 1738.
39. Parton, I, 465.
40. Buckle, I, 580.
41. Phil. Dict., art. “History,” in Works, Vb, 64.
42. Ibid.
43. Voltaire, Works, XVIa, 137.
44. XIVa, 230.
45. Essai sur les moeurs, Ch. xx.
46. Ibid., Ch. cxxxix.
47. Lanson, Voltaire, 123–24.
48. Robertson, Wm., History of the Reign of Charles V, I, 290.
49. “Observations on History,” in Works, XIXa, 269.
50. Essai, Ch. cxcvii.
51. Ch. lxviii.
52. Works, XVIa, 133–36, 144.
53. Chateaubriand, The Genius of Christianity, III, iii, 6, p. 430.
54. Voltaire, XVIa, 250–51.
55. Michelet, V, 274.
CHAPTER XV
1. Goncourts, Woman of the 18th Century, 307 f.
2. Smith, P., Modern Culture, II, 543; Nicolson, Age of Reason, 294.
3. Frederick to Voltaire, June 29, 1771.
4. Voltaire, Works, VIIb, 143.
5. Lecky, History of Rationalism, 145.
6. Blackstone, Commentaries (Oxford, 1775), IV, 60, in Lea, H. C., History of the Inquisition in Spain, IV, 247.
7. Clark, G. N., The 17th Century, 246.
8. Voltaire’s estimate, in Works, XXIa, 250.
9. Mark xvi, 16.
10. Smith, P., Modern Culture, II, 555.
11. Ibid., 556.
12. 550.
13. Putnam, G. H., Censorship of the Church of Rome, II, 255.
14. Wilson, A., Diderot, 121–22.
15. Brandes, II, 107.
16. Bertrand, D’Alembert, 92.
17. Brandes, II, 50.
18. Mornet, Origines intellectuelles de la Révolution française, 258.
19. Cf. Catholic Enc., III, 189.
20. Voltaire, Notebooks, II, 351.
21. Faguet, Literary History of France, 361, 516.
22. Smith, P., II, 268.
23. Schweitzer, A., Quest of the Historical Jesus, 23.
24. Quoted in Lovejoy, Essays in the History of Ideas, 103.
25. Ibid., 103 f.
26. Hsin-hai Chang, in private correspondence with the authors.
27. In Lovejoy, Essays, 105.
28. Voltaire, Age of Louis XIV, 455.
29. In Lovejoy, 105–6.
30. Maverick, L. A., China, a Model for Europe, 126.
31. Fülop-Miller, R., Power and Secret of the Jesuits, 485.
32. Reichwin, A., China and Europe, 124.
33. Voltaire, Works, VIIIa, 176.
34. Pinot, V., La Chine et la formation de l’esprit philosophique en France, 425.
35. Ibid., 315, 281.
36. Maverick, 242.
37. Ibid., 113.
38. Philosophical Dictionary, art. “Glory,” in Works, Va, 208.
39. Works, XVIa, 119; XVIIIb, 278.
40. XIIIa, 29.
41. Montesquíeu, Persian Letters, XLVI.
CHAPTER XVI
1. Buckle, I, 660n.
2. Fuss, N., in Smith, D. E., History of Mathematics, I, 522.
3. Bell, E. T., Men of Mathematics, 148.
4. Ibid., 156.
5. 159.
6. Wolf, History of Science, 70.
7. Whitehead, A. N., Science and the Modern World, 91.
8. Bell, 170.
9. Ibid.
10. 171.
11. 185.
12. Whitehead, 90.
13. In Crocker, Age of Crisis, 8.
14. Bertrand, D’Alembert, 32.
15. Morley, J., Diderot, I, 123.
16. Bertrand, 143, 153, 164; Ségur, Julie de Lespinasse, 113–14.
17. Wolf, 217.
18. Williams, History of Science, II, 275.
19. Smith, P., Modern Culture, II, 73.
20. Williams, II, 286.
21. Ibid., 289.
22. 290.
23. 295; Wolf, 232.
24. Gibbon, Essai sur l’étude de la littérature, in Miscellaneous Writings, 2.
25. Williams, IV, 11.
26. Scheele, Treatise on Fire and Air, in Wolf, 358.
27. Ibid., 359.
28. Enc. Brit., XX, 62c.
29. Ibid., 62b.
30. Moore, F. J., History of Chemistry, 37–38.
31. French, S. J., Torch and Crucible: The Life and Death of Antoine Lavoisier, 80.
32. In Wolf, 353.
33. Moore, 44.
34. Ibid., 42.
35. Huxley, T. H., Science and Education, 23.
36. In Willey, Eighteenth-Century Background, 177.
37. Priestley, Jos., Essay on the First Principles of Government, in Willey, 195.
38. Priestley, History of the Corruptions of Christianity, in Willey, 170.
39. Essay on the First Principles of Government, in Huxley, 27.
40. Ibid., in Willey, 197.
41. Schuster, M. Lincoln, Treasury of the World’s Great Letters, 187.
42. French, S. J., 215.
43. Dakin, Turgot and the Ancien Régime in France, 166.
44. Moore, 49.
45. McKie, Antoine Lavoisier, 225.
46. Ibid., 293.
47. 325.
48. 319.
49. 412 f.
50. 404.
51. 407.
52. French, 267.
53. Williams, III, 11.
54. Langer, W. L., Encyclopedia of World History, 435.
55. Berry, Short History of Astronomy, 325.
56. Burney, Fanny, Diary, 161 (Dec. 30, 1786).
57. Williams, III, 21.
58. Enc. Brit., XI, 520d.
59. Bertrand, D’Alembert, 45.
60. Martin, H., XV, 397.
61. Bell, Men of Mathematics, 173.
62. Ibid.
63. 172.
64. Laplace, Système du monde, V, vi, in Berry, 322.
65. Laplace, Théorie analytique des probabilités, preface, in Nagel, Structure of Science, 282.
66. Quoted by Cajori in Newton, Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, 677.
67. Sedgwick and Tyler, Short History of Science, 332.
68. Mousnier and Labrousse, Dix-huitième Siècle, 31.
69. In Bell, 182.
71. Wolf, 299.
72. Buffon, Oeuvres, IX, 455.
73. Ibid., 388.
74. XI, 454.
75. Sainte-Beuve, Portraits of the 18th Century, II, 269.
76. Buffon, Oeuvres, IX, 454.
77. Trattner, Architects of Ideas, 66.
78. Gourlie, Prince of Botanists: Carl Linnaeus, 3.
79. Ibid., 34.
80. In Hazard, European Thought in the 18th Century, 354.
81. Locy, Biology and Its Makers, 122.
82. Sainte-Beuve, II, 263.
83. Lecky, History of… Rationalism, II, 16.
84. Osborn, H. F., From the Greeks to Darwin, 130.
85. Bearne, A Court Painter and his Circle, 272.
86. Rousseau, letter of Sept. 21, 1771.
87. Gourlie, 270.
88. Wolf, 455.
89. Ibid., 456.
90. 457.
91. Enc. Brit., XVIII 3a.
92. Locy, 399.
93. Wolf, 349.
94. Ibid., 450.
95. Jardine, Wm., The Naturalist’s Library, 24.
96. Ibid., 321.
97. Sainte-Beuve, II, 264.
98. Osborn, 136.
99. In Butterfield, Origins of Modern Science, 175.
100. Buffon, Discours sur la nature les animaux, in Martin, H., XVI, 37.
101. Goncourts, Madame de Pompadour, 145.
102. Osborn, H. F., Men of the Old Stone Age, 3.
103. Osborn, From the Greeks to Darwin, 134, and Martin, K., Rise of French Liberal Thought, 99–100.
104. In Smith, P., II, 518.
105. In Buffon, Oeuvres complètes, I, introd., xxii.
106. Rousseau, letter of Nov. 4, 1764.
107. Sainte-Beuve, II, 208.
108. Buffon, I, introd., xviii.
109. Ibid., XII, 324–30.
110. Ibid., 324n.
111. Hazard, 144.
112. Voltaire, letter to Helvétius, Oct. 27, 1740.
113. Sainte-Beuve, II, 254.
114. Jardine, 32.
115. Ibid., 29.
116. In Fellows and Torrey, Age of Enlightenment, 588n.
117. Garrison, F., History of Medicine, 334.
118. Lovejoy, A., The Great Chain of Being, 233.
119. Réaumur, Mémoires, in Smith, P., Modern Culture, II, 101.
120. Vartanian, A., Diderot and Descartes, 176.
121. Osborn, From the Greeks to Darwin, 118.
122. Maupertuis in Crocker, Age of Crisis, 81.
123. Osborn, 114–15.
124. Ibid., 122.
125. Lovejoy, Essays in the History of Ideas, 147.
126. Turberville, A. S., ed., Johnson’s England, II, 245.
127. Osborn, 119.
128. Ibid., 145.
129. 146.
130. Ibid.
131. 149.
132. Brett, G. S., History of Psychology, 423.
133. Condillac, Traité des sensations, 38
134. Ibid.
135. Ibid., 70.
136. Wolf, 689.
CHAPTER XVII
1. Osler, Evolution of Modern Medicine, 187.
2. Sigerist, Great Doctors, 235.
3. Castiglioni, A., History of Medicine, 602.
4. Williams, H. S., History of Science, IV, 78.
5. Garrison, History of Medicine, 346.
6. Ibid.
7. Vartanian, Diderot and Descartes, 270.
8. Wolf, 263.
9. Locy, Growth of Biology, 443.
10. Castiglioni, 613.
11. Voltaire, Philosophical Dictionary, art. “Good.”
12. Garrison, 402.
13. Besant, London, 380.
14. Himes, Medical History of Contraception, 187.
15. Ibid., 191.
16. 198.
17. Chesterfield, Letters, Feb. 5, 1750.
18. Voltaire, Works, XIXb, 24.
19. Goncourts, The Woman of the 18th Century, 11.
20. Sée, Economic and Social Conditions in France in the 18th Century, 42.
21. Garrison, 321.
22. Traill, Social England, V, 425.
23. Chamousset in Lacroix, Eighteenth Century in France, 272.
24. Ibid,
25. Garrison, 400.
26. Ibid.
27. Castiglioni, 657.
28. Ducros, French Society in the 18th Century, 179.
29. Ercole, Gay Court Life, 421.
30. Harding, T. S., Fads, Frauds, and Physicians, 151.
31. Castiglioni, 641.
32. Traill, V, 51.
33. Montagu, Lady Mary W., Letters, I, 308.
34. Halsband, Life of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, III.
35. White, A. D., Warfare of Science with Theology, II, 55.
36. Ibid., 57; Garrison, 373.
37. Voltaire, Works, XIXb, 20.
38. Garrison, 351.
39. Besant, 377–78.
40. Garrison, 343.
41. Ibid., 110.
42. La Mettrie, Man a Machine, dedication.
43. Phil. Dict., art. “Physicians.”
44. Ford, Boris, ed., From Dryden to Johnson, 211.
45. Havens, The Age of Ideas, 345.
46. Garrison, 353; Sigerist, 237.
47. Aldis, Madame Geoffrin, 191; Herold, The Swiss without Halos, 85.
48. Brandes, Voltaire, II, III.
49. Mme. d’Épinay, Memoirs, III, 200.
CHAPTER XVIII
1. Pappas, J. N., Berthier’s Journal de Trévoux and the Philosophes, 122.
2. Helvétius, De l’Esprit, Eng. translation, 414.
3. D’Alembert, Mélanges de littérature, d’histoire, et de philosophie (1759), in Cassirer, Philosophy of the Enlightenment, 3; Frankel, Faith of Reason, 7–8.
4. In Wolf, 39.
5. Duclos, Considérations sur les moeurs, 27.
6. Mornet, Origines intellectuelles de la Révolution française, 55.
7. Ibid., 54.
8. Taine, Ancient Regime, 288.
9. Ibid.
10. In Martin, K., Rise of French Liberal Thought, 122.
11. Morley, Diderot, I, 169.
12. Mornet, 52.
13. Meslier, Jean, Superstition in All Ages, or Last Will and Testament, 30.
14. Ibid., Sec. CXXXV.
15. CVIII.
16. LXVI, CLXXXII-III, and CLX.
17. CLX.
18. LII.
19. II.
20. XXXII.
21. XC.
22. CLX.
23. XL.
24. XII.
25. CXII.
26. CLXI.
27. CLIII.
28. CXLIX.
29. CLV.
30. Preface, p. 37.
31. CVII.
32. CXLI.
33. CLXVI.
34. CLXII.
35. Preface, pp. 42–43.
36. CCIV.
37. Ibid.
38. CLV.
39. Preface, p. 41.
40. In Martin, K., 240.
41. Ibid., 242.
42. 241–42.
43. Hazard, European Thought in the 18th Century, 56.
44. La Mettrie, Man a Machine, 4.
45. Walt Whitman’s formula for war.
46. La Mettrie, 99.
47. Ibid., 100.
48. 94.
49. 134.
50. 128.
51. In Fellows and Torrey, Diderot Studies, II, 305.
52. Ibid., 316.
53. La Mettrie, 146.
54. Ibid.
55. Fellows and Torrey, Diderot Studies, II, 316.
56. La Mettrie, 103.
57. Fellows and Torrey, II, 307.
58. La Mettrie, 122.
59. Ibid., 129.
60. 149.
61. In Hazard, 128.
62. La Mettrie, 92.
63. Martin, H., Histoire de France, XV, 397.
64. La Mettrie, 119; Lange, F. A., Histor
65. Parton, Life of Voltaire, II, 15.
66. Desnoiresterres, IV, 198–200.
CHAPTER XIX
1. Crocker, L. G., Embattled Philosopher, 5.
2. Ibid., 8.
3. 38.
4. Diderot, Pensées philosophiques, in Fellows and Torrey, Age of Enlightenment, 264.
5. Crocker, 65
6. Diderot, pensée XXVI.
7. In Crocker, 68.
8. Wilson, A. M., Diderot: The Testing Years, 86.
9. Cru, R. L., Diderot as a Disciple of English Thought, 189; Wilson, A. M., 90.
10. Diderot, Lettre sur les aveugles, in Oeuvres, 601.
11. Ibid., 608.
12. 629.
13. 631–32.
14. 650.
15. 617–22.
16. Crocker, 102–3.
17. Havens, Age of Ideas, 289.
18. Crocker, 77.
19. Ibid., 83.
20. 87.
21. Brunetière, Évolution des genres dans l’histoire de la littérature (Paris, 1890), 210, in Wilson, Diderot, 169.
22. Diderot, art. “Encyclopedia.”
23. Aldis, Madame Geoffrm, 91.
24. Hazard, 199.
25. Morley, Life of Voltaire, 198.
26. Fellows and Torrey, Age of Enlightenment, 316; Lanfrey, L’Église et les philosophes, 165.
27. Lévy-Bruhl, History of Modem Philosophy in France, 212.
28. Fellows and Torrey, 319.
29. Ibid., 320.
30. Ortega y Gasset, Toward a Philosophy of History, 77.
31. Crocker, Embattled Philos., 133.
32. Lough, K., ed., The Encyclopédie: Selected Articles, 6.
33. Pappas, Berthier’s Journal de Trévoux, 181–82.
34. Wilson, 162.
35. Ibid., 163.
36. Pappas, 185.
37. Wilson, 160.
38. Robertson, J. M., Short History of Freethought, II, 235; Wilson, 165.
39. Wilson, 169.
40. Becker, C , Heavenly City of the 18th-century Philosophers, 119.
41. Wilson, 283.
42. Ibid., 288.
43. Naves, Voltaire et l’Encyclopédie, 52.
44. Wilson, 288–89.
45. Fellows and Torrey, Diderot Studies, II, 175.
46. Wilson, 312.
47. Ibid.
48. 358.
49. 339; Crocker, Embattled Philos., 237.
50. Wilson, 339.
51. Crocker, 239.
52. Green, F. C., in Diderot, Writings on the Theater, 12.
53. See Hazard, 202, and Naves, 98.
54. In Lough, Selected Articles, 180–83.
55. Diderot, art. “Philosophy.”
56. Vartanian, Diderot and Descartes, 23.
57. Art. “Philosophy.”
58. Art. “Political Authority.”
59. Ibid.
60. Lough, 43.
61. Morley, Diderot, I, 216.
62. Ibid., 172.