The Age of Voltaire by Will Durant
Rameau, Jean Philippe (1683–1764), composer, 266, 295–98, 516, 659;
collaboration with Voltaire, 296, 297, 363, 383, 384, 385
Rameau, Marie Mangot, 492
Ramsay, Sir William (1852–1916), 531
Ranelagh, 77–78, 78–79
Ranelagh Gardens, London, 62
Rape of the Lock, The (Pope), 166–67
Raphael (Raffaello Sanzio; 1483–1520), 222, 314, 399, 410, 434
Ratibor, principality of, 451
Ravaillac, François (1578–1610), 617, 747, 765
Ravensberg, Westphalia, 437
Rayleigh, John William Strutt, 3d Baron (1842–1919), 531
Raynal, Guillaume (1713–96), 248, 359, 637, 693–95, 696, 740, 778
Raynham Park, Norfolk, 216
Reade, Charles (1814–84), 183
Réaumur, René Antoine Ferchault de (1683–1757), 550, 572, 577–78, 589, 625, 628, 761
Recherches physiques sur le feu (Marat), 535
Recherches sur … des plantes (Bonnet), 578
Recherches sur la précession des équinoxes (d’Alembert), 544
Recherches sur les modifications de l’atmosphère (Deluc), 551–52
Recollect friars, 258
Redi, Francesco (1626–98), 576
Reflections, Critical and Satirical (Dennis), 166
Réflexions sur la cause générale des vents (d’Alembert), 516, 551
Réflexions sur la peinture (Caylus), 310–11
Reformation, 59, 107, 402, 412, 609, 610, 783;
and the Enlightenment, 607;
Voltaire on, 731, 746–47
Reformed (Gregorian) calendar, 540–41
Réfutation de l’ouvrage d’Helvétius (Diderot), 690
Réfutation du Système de la nature (Frederick the Great), 711
Regency, French (1715–23), 3–39, 303, 325;
arts of, 24–28, 33;
corruption under, 10, 13, 18, 33, 342;
financial boom and crash, 11–16, 33;
free thought and speech under, 17, 323, 342, 344;
literature under, 17, 28–31, 33–39, 341, 342;
its moral license, 6–8, 16, 19–23, 27, 28, 31–33, 254, 313, 331, 336;
satirized by Montesquieu, 342–44;
skeptics of, 3–5, 20, 33, 38–39, 356
(see also Orléans, Duc d’, Regent)
Regency style, 24
Regensburg, 208, 405
Reggio Emilia, Italy, 181
regicide, 710, 765, 767, 770
Regicide, The (Smollett tragedy), 200, 201
Reid, Thomas (1710–96), 107
Reimarus, Hermann (1694–1768), 502
Reims, France, 142, 288, 308, 310, 320, 326
Reims, University of, 618
Reinken, Jan or Johann Adam (1623–1722), 413
Reland, de (fl. 1721), Orientalist, 502
Relation de la maladie … du jésuite Berthier (Voltaire), 759
Religieuse, La—The Nun (Diderot), 650–51, 657–58, 674, 678–79
Religion chrétienne prouvée par les faits, La (Houteville), 755
Religion des Mahométans, La (Reland), 502
Religion vengée, La (periodical), 756
Religion vengée de l’incrédulité, La (Pompignan), 763
Remarques sur les Pensées de Pascal (Voltaire), 370
Rembrandt Harmensj van Rijn (1606–69), 48, 311
Rémond de Saint-Mard, Toussaint (fl. 1720), 210
remonstrance, right of (France), 9, 18, 268
Renaissance, 500, 607, 609, 636
Renaissance style, 308
Renan, Ernest (1823–92), 347
Rennes, France, 254
Rennes, Parlement of, 769–70
Rennes, University of, 757
Renoir, Pierre Auguste (1841–1919), 28
Reprisal, The (Smollett), 202
Resolution, 559
respiration and combustion, 533–34, 589
Restoration, Bourbon (France, 1814/15–1830), 514, 677
Restoration, Stuart (England, 1660–85), 21, 75, 133, 157, 177, 183, 214, 224
Restout, Jean (1692–1768), 322
Rêve d’Alembert, Le (Diderot), 599, 600, 652–55, 678–79
Revocation of Edict of Nantes, see under Nantes, Edict of
Rêveries (Saxe), 278
Revolutionary Tribunal, 536
Reynolds, Sir Joshua (1723–92), 217, 223–24, 316, 588, 666
Rheinsberg, Prussia, 411, 442, 450
Rhode Island, 124
Rhone River, 472
Ricci, Lorenzo (1703–75), 769
Rich, John (1682?–1761), 187, 236
Richard I Coeur de Lion, King of England (r. 1189–99), 233
Richardson, Jonathan (1665–1745), painter, 170
Richardson, Samuel (1689–1761), novelist, 64, 188–94, 205, 213;
Diderot’s enthusiasm for, 192–93, 334, 658, 669, 674;
and Marivaux, 189, 331;
his influence on Rousseau, 192, 193, 331, 334
Richelieu, Armand Jean du Plessis de, Cardinal (1585–1642), 8, 32, 97, 253, 291, 352
Richelieu, Louis François Armand de Vignerot du Plessis, Duc de (1696–1788), 273, 291, 299, 385, 493;
and Mme. du Châtelet, 365, 391;
friend of Voltaire, 291, 382–83, 471;
has Fréron imprisoned, 761;
his indebtedness to Voltaire, 383;
and La Pucelle, 361, 483;
at Mahón, 289, 294;
marriage of, 367;
Voltaire correspondence with, 461, 463, 713, 730
Richelieu, Marie Elisabeth Sophie de Guise, Duchesse de (d. 1740), 371, 372
Richman, G. W. (d. 1753), scientist, 522
Richmond Palace, 169, 215
Ridinger, Johan Elias (1695?–1767), 404
Riemenschneider, Johann (fl. 1730), 234
Rieux, Président de (fl. 1741), 320
Rights of Woman, The (Wollstonecraft), 691
Rinaldo (Handel), 226, 230, 231
Riom, France, 330
Rion, Captain (fl. 1719), 21
Rivet de la Grange, Dom Antoine (1683–1749), 501
Rivinus, Augustus Quirinus (August Bachmann; 1652–1723), 563
roads, 13, 18, 50, 54, 271, 438;
Lavoisier’s plan for maintenance of, 535
Robecq, Princesse de (d. 1760), 762, 764
Robertson, William (1721–93), 107, 159, 486, 488, 556, 693, 784
Robespierre, Maximilien de (1758–94), 695, 713
Robinet, Jean Baptiste (1735–1820), 578–79, 621
Robinson Crusoe (Defoe), 188, 558
Rob Roy (Robert Macgregor; 1671–1734), 70
Rochette, Pastor (d. 1761), 727
Rocky Mts., 560
rococo style, 303–7;
architecture, 24, 307, 308, 398, 433;
interior decoration, 214, 282, 308, 309, 406, 407, 505;
music, 295;
painting, 314
Roderick Random (Smollett), 67, 199, 200–201
Rodrigo (Handel), 228
Roettier family, medalists, 306
Rohan, Louis René Édouard, Prince Cardinal de (1734–1803), Archbishop of Strasbourg, 254, 782
Rohan-Chabot, Chevalier de (fl. 1726), 40, 246
Rohr, Bavaria, 405
Roland, Mme. Jeanne Manon Phlipon (1754–93), 690
Rolland, Romain (1866–1944), 411
Rolle, Switzerland, 735
Rollin, Charles (1661–1741), 287
Roman Empire, 340, 343*, 346–47, 357;
Voltaire on Christians in, 485–86
Roman Republic, 346–47, 360, 361, 474
Romansh language, 474
Romanticism: and the Bach revival, 430;
Diderot and, 671;
in German literature, 477;
Manon and, 335;
and the poets of feeling, 78, 178, 180;
its reaction to reason, 145;
Richardson and, 193;
Rome, 60, 93, 181, 228–29, 237, 314, 434;
Livy’s history of refuted, 500
Rome, University of, 592
Romilly, Sir Samuel (1757–1818), 696
Rosamond (Clayton), 226
Rossbach, battle of (1757), 400, 768
Rostock, University of, 583
Roth, Cecil, 541*
Rothschild Collection, 318
rotten boroughs, 68, 113, 135
Roubillac, Louis François (1695–1762), 170, 214–15, 237
Rouelle, Guillaume François (1703–70), 531, 532, 625
Rouen, 262, 362–63, 366;
arts in, 305, 306, 308
Rouen, Academy of, 498
Rouen, Archbishop of, 254
Rouen, Parlement of, 737, 770
Rouen, University of, 757
Rousseau, Jean Baptiste (1671–1741), 38, 365, 378
Rousseau, Jean Jacques (1712–78), 283, 322, 323–24, 345, 370, 531, 597, 598, 605, 638, 648, 675, 689, 713, 786;
answers d’Alembert’s article on Geneva, 482, 642;
and Buffon, 572–73, 575;
breast feeding advocated by, 589, 601;
on cosmopolitanism, 779–80;
and Condillac, 582, 583;
his Confessions, 575, 679, 694;
his Dijon Academy essay against civilization, 378, 498, 569, 633, 664;
and education, 583, 766, 775;
and Mme. d’Épinay, 266, 674;
Émile (and “Savoyard Vicar”) condemned, 755, 756;
and the Encyclopédie, 297–98, 642;
in England, 78, 159, 248;
on French music, 297;
Diderot, his friendship with, 625, 631, 632–33, 674, 679;
and Grimm, 632–33, 671;
and d’Holbach, 680, 695, 697, 709, 710;
and Linnaeus, 564;
on the Lisbon earthquake, 723;
philosophes, his break with, 697, 764, 784;
and Rameau, 297–98;
and the Revolution, 279, 498, 710, 713;
as novelist, influences on, 192, 193, 331, 334, 335, 674;
operas of, 295, 322;
satirized by antiphilosophes, 761, 762;
and Swiss scenery, 475, 476, 477;
his views and those of contemporaries: on conscience, 146;
on feeling and sentiment, 145, 292, 607, 625, 658, 668, 674;
on nature and the “natural man,” 199, 339, 378, 476, 477, 664, 674, 686, 718, 775;
on social contract, 154, 709, 710
Rousseau, Mme., foster mother of d’Alembert, 515, 516
Rowlandson, Thomas (1756–1827), 600
Roxana (Defoe), 188
Royal Academy of Arts, London, 223
Royal Academy of Music, London, 231, 232, 234
Royal College of Surgeons, London, 588, 599
Royal Exchange, 119
Royal Fireworks Music (Handel), 242–43
Royal Society of Arts, London, 217
Royal Society of Edinburgh, 557
Royal Society of London, 448, 518, 531, 551, 556, 559*, 565, 594, 600;
Bradley and, 539, 540;
Copley Medal awarded, 522, 542;
and Diderot, 629*;
and Franklin, 521, 522;
and Halley, 511;
Montesquieu elected to, 344;
and Newton-Leibniz controversy, 508–9;
Philosophical Transactions, 537;
Priestley and, 526, 530;
Voltaire and, 246
Rubens, Peter Paul (1577–1640), 25, 26, 218, 313
Rudbeck, Olof (1660–1740), 562
Rugby School, 62
Rugendas, Georg Philippe (1666–1742), 404
Ruins of Baalbek, The and Ruins of Palmyra, The (Wood), 215
“Rule, Britannia!” (Thomson), 102, 179
Rumford, Benjamin Thompson, Count (1753–1814), 517
Rupelmonde, Comtesse Marie de, 38
Rush, Benjamin (1745?–1813), 596
Ruspoli, Francesco Capizucchi, Marchese di(fl. 1710), 228
Russell, Richard (fl. 1753), English physician, 80
Russia, 59, 308, 451, 538;
army of, 438;
and Austria, 271, 435, 436;
Bering explorations, entry into Alaska, 557–58;
France and, 271, 453;
invades Brandenburg, 510;
religious uniformity required in, 495;
in War of Polish Succession, 271;
in war on Sweden, 438, 453
Rutherford, Daniel (1749–1819), 531
Sabrn, Comtesse de (b. c.1695), 20
St. Andrews, University of, 108
St. Bartholomew, Massacre of, 40, 488, 605, 608, 731, 755, 783
Saint-Chamond, Baronne de, 290
St. Clair, James, British general, 147
St.-Claude, canons regular of, 254
St. Clement Dane, Church of, London, 216
St.-Cloud, 19, 696
St.-Denis, Abbey of, 21, 494
Sainte-Beuve, Charles Augustin (1804–69), 29, 87–88, 269, 335, 555*, 671, 692
Saint-Florentin, Louis de (1705–77), 730
St.-Gallen, 474, 475
Saint-Germain, Comte de (c.1700-c.1784), adventurer, 493
St.-Germain-en-Laye, 248, 361
St. James’s Palace, London, 90, 206;
Chapel Royal, 117, 225, 241
Saint-Lambert, Marquis Jean François de (1716–1803), 180, 366, 389–91, 695, 777–78
Saint-Laurent, chamberlain to “Monsieur,” 6
St. Martin’s-in-the-Fields, Church of, London, 216
St.-Mary-le-Strand, Church of, London, 216
St.-Maur, Abbey of, 254, 501
St.-Michel, order of, 308
St. Paul’s Cathedral, London, 217
St. Petersburg, 477, 509, 510, 522
St. Petersburg, Imperial Academy of, 402, 498, 509, 516, 545, 557, 697
St. Petersburg Observatory, 545
Saint-Pierre, Abbé de (Charles Irénée Castel; 1658–1743), 294, 335–36, 458, 753, 778
Saint-Pierre, Bernardin de, see Bernardin de Saint-Pierre, J. H.
St.-Quentin, France, 320, 322
St.-Roch, Church of, Paris, 307, 309
Saint-Simon, Louis de Rouvroy, Duc de (1675–1755), 14, 20, 22, 30–31, 260, 267;
his advice to Regent, 8, 9;
on Dubois, 6–7, 31, 32;
on Law, 13;
on Regent, 7, 17, 19, 20;
snobbishness of, 18, 30;
on Voltaire, 33–34
Saint-Simon, Duchesse de, nee de Lorges, 22
St. Stephen’s Church, London. 98
St. Sulpice, Church of, 25, 307
Saisons, Les (Saint-Lambert), 180
Sakhalin, 560
Sale, George (1697–1736), 502
Salem, Massachusetts, 694
Salem, North Carolina, 403
Salerno medical school, 600
Salmasius, Claudius (Claude de Saumaise; 1588–1653), 500
Salon (Paris art exhibition), see under Académie Royale des Beaux-Arts
Salons (Diderot), 640, 656–57, 666–68
salons (social gatherings), 23–24, 93, 298–302, 324, 325, 600, 606, 672, 781, 784
Salpêtrière, Hôpital de la, Paris, 598
Salzburg, 432
Salzburg, Archbishop of, see Firmian, Count von
Samoa, 558
Samson (Handel), 239, 240, 244
Samson (Voltaire-Rameau), 296, 363
Samson Agonistes (Milton), 239
Sandwich, 1st Earl of, see Montagu, Edward (1625–72)
Sandys, Samuel, M. P., 103
sanitation, 59, 61, 76–77, 108, 253, 263, 590
Sanssouci Palace, Potsdam, 406–7, 460, 461, 463, 465, 468;
painting, sculpture at, 309, 311, 405, 407
Santa Cruz Islands, 560
Sapientia sinica, 503
Sardinia, 435, 436, 452, 455, 457
Sardin
Sardou, Victorien (1831–99), 330
Sartine, Gabriel de (1729–1801), 641–42
Saturn, 542, 545, 547
Saul (Handel), 238
Saunderson, Nicholas (1682–1739), 508–9, 628, 629, 630
Saussure, Horace Bénédict de (1740–99), 481, 551, 561, 568
Saussure, Nicolas de (1709–90), 76–77
Saussure, Nicolas Théodore de (1767–1845), 568
Sauveboeuf, Marquise de, 290
Savage, Richard (1697?–1743), 164, 171
Savannah, Georgia, 130, 131
Savery, Thomas (1650–1715), 49
Savonneries, Paris, 305
Savoy, 435
Saxe, Maréchal Comte Hermann Maurice de (1696–1750), 267, 277–78, 322, 327–28, 362;
military exploits, 109, 110, 276, 277–78, 456–57
Saxe-Gotha, Duke and Duchess of (fl. 1753), 469
Saxe-Weimar, duchy of, 412
Saxe-Weissenfels, duchy of, 227
Saxony, 397, 402;
art in, 281, 282, 306, 404–7
passim; court of, 403, 420, 426;
in Great Northern War, 438;
challenges Pragmatic Sanction, 436;
Prussian speculation in state bonds of, 462, 463;
in Seven Years’ War, 404, 410;
in War of Austrian Succession, 453–54, 455, 456, 457
Scaliger, Julius Caesar (1484–1558), and Joseph Justus (1540–1609), 500
Scandinavia, 49, 436, 476
Scarborough, Yorkshire, England, 80
Scarlatti, Alessandro (1659–1725), 228, 229, 237, 410
Scarlatti, Domenico (1685–1757), 227, 228, 229, 231, 420
Scarpa, Antonio (1747–1832), 587
Scarron, Paul (1610–60), 170, 620
Sceaux, 305
Sceaux, Château de, the Duchesse du Maine’s court, 6, 9, 18, 23, 25, 301;
“soirées de,” 325;
Voltaire at, 6, 34, 386, 388
Schaemaekers, Peter (1690–1771), 214
Schaffhausen, 473
Scheele, Karl Wilhelm (1742–86), 524–25, 526, 527
Scheibe, Johann Adolf (1708–76), 427
Schiller, Johann Christoph Friedrich von (1759–1805), 401, 477, 659, 668, 679, 779
Schlüter, Andreas (1664–1714), 406
Schmidlin, Jacob (d. 1747), 476
Schmidt, Georg Friedrich (1712–75), 404
Schmuzer, Josef (fl. 1752), 406
Scholasticism, 287, 486, 548, 637, 652, 775;
Encyclopédie article on, 645
schools, see education and schools
Schopenhauer, Arthur (1788–1860), 607
Schulenburg, Melusina von der, see Kendal, Duchess of
Schumann, Robert (1810–56), 423, 430
Schütz, Heinrich (1585–1672), 237
Schwann, Theodore (1810–82), 576
Schweitzer, Albert (1875– ), 419, 502
Schwerin, Count Kurt Christoph von (1684–1757), 452
Schwyz, 473, 474, 475